Concept explainers
The following ball-and-stick molecular model is a representation of thalidomide, a drug that causes birth defects when taken by expectant mothers hut ¡s valuable for its use against leprosy. The lines indicate only the connections between atoms,not whether the bonds are single, double, or triple.
(a) What is the formula of thalidomide?
(b) Indicate the positions of the multiple bonds in thalidomide.
(c) What is the geometry around each carbon?
(d) What is the hybridization of each carbon?
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LCPO CHEMISTRY W/MODIFIED MASTERING
- 3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a colorless, nontoxic, tasteless, and odorless gas. It is used as an inhalation anesthetic in dental and other surgeries. Because nitrous oxide is soluble in vegetable oils (fats), it is used commercially as a propellant in whipped toppings Nitrous oxide dissolves in fats. The gas is added under pressure to cans of whipped topping. When the valve is opened, the gas expands, thus expanding (whipping) the topping and forcing it out of the can. (a) How many valence electrons are present in a molecule of N20? (b) Write two equivalent contributing structures for this molecule. The connectivity in nitrous oxide is NNO. (c) Explain why the following is not an acceptable contributing structure:arrow_forward3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room temperature, is one of the most widely used solvents for commercial dry cleaning. It is sold for this purpose under several trade names, including Perciene®. Does this molecule have polar bonds? Is it a polar molecule? Does it have a dipole?arrow_forward2-98 Explain how the ionization energy of atoms changes when proceeding down a group of the Periodic Table and explain why this change occurs.arrow_forward
- 3-48 Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate are used as potassium dietary supplements. Write the formula of each compound.arrow_forward3-109 Until several years ago, the two chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) most widely used as heat transfer media in refrigeration systems were Freon-li (trichloro fluoromethane, CC13F) and Freon-12 (dichiorodi fluoromethane, CCl2F2). Draw a three-dimensional representation of each molecule and indicate the Direction of it.s polarity.arrow_forward3-58 In Section 2-3B, we saw that there are seven diatomic elements. (a) Draw Lewis structures for each of these diatomic elements. (b) Which diatomic elements are gases at room temperature? Which are liquids? Which are solids?arrow_forward
- 3. Using electronegativity difference, indicate the type of bond between the following atoms: (a) Li-Cl(b) C-Br(c) F-Cl(d) Br-Brarrow_forwardAnswer true or false. (a) The name of a binary ionic compound consists of the name of the positive ion followed by the name of the negative ion. (b) In naming binary ionic compounds, it is necessary to state the number of each ion present in the compound. (c) The formula of aluminum oxide is Al2 O3 . (d) Both copper(II) oxide and cupric oxide are acceptable names for CuO. (e) The systematic name for Fe2 O3 is iron(II) oxide. (f) The systematic name for FeCO3 is iron carbonate. (g) The systematic name for NaH2PO4 is sodium di- hydrogen phosphate. (h) The systematic name for K2HPO4 is dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. (i) The systematic name for Na2O is sodium oxide. (j) The systematic name for PCl3 is potassium chloride. (k) The formula of ammonium carbonate is NH4CO3. 39. (a) A covalent bond is formed between two atoms whose difference in electronegativity is less than 1.9. (b) If the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is zero (they have identical electronegativ- ities),…arrow_forward3. How many valence electrons are in a C atom? an Cl atom? (a) Write the full Lewis structure for the CH2C2 molecule. Show all lone pairs. Pert (b) Write the geometric structure for the CH2CI2 molecule and name the geometry. (c) Determine if the CH2CI2 molecule has polar or nonpolar bonds using the following electronegativity: C = 2.5, H = 2.1, CI = 3.0. Re-draw the geometric structure below, but this time include partial charges and dipole arrows for any polar bonds present. Justify your assignments for polar or nonpolar bonds.arrow_forward
- 2. Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following ions or molecules. Give the number of electrons in each species. Remember to enclose ions in square brackets with the charge as a superscript outside the right bracket. (a) Br 20 (c) BrF 3 (e) PCI 4* (b) IOF 3 (I is the central atom) (d) ASF 3arrow_forward3. The following are some molecules:H2, HF, CO2, H2O, Cl2, NH3, CH4, CHCl3 (a) Which of the above molecules do/does not contain polar bond? Explain your answer. (b) Which covalent bond has the highest bond polarity among the eight molecules? (c) (i) Which of the above molecules are non-polar molecules? (ii) Explain why these molecules are non-polar. 4. (d) Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of hydrogen bonds in H2O.arrow_forwardPredict which of these compounds are ionic and which are covalent.(A) Ca3N2(B) Li2CO3(C) PCl5(D) NaOH(E) CH4(F) MgOarrow_forward
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning