(a) Interpretation: For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified. Concept introduction: An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur in each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin.

Concept introduction:

In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site. One curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the electron-rich atom to the H attached to the electron-poor site to show the formation of a bond. A second curved arrow is drawn starting from the middle of the broken bond to the atom on which the lone pair ends up to indicate the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, is to be named.

Concept introduction:

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from an electron-poor site to an electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step. In the SN2 type of reaction, the lone pair of electrons from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate to which the electron-poor atom is attached. Since the negatively charged atom (nucleophile) starts forming a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the electron poor atom and carbon atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds take place simultaneously.

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3) Propagation of uncertainty. Every measurement has uncertainty. In this problem, we'll evaluate the uncertainty in every step of a titration of potassium hydrogen phthalate (a common acid used in titrations, abbreviated KHP, formula CsH5KO4) with NaOH of an unknown concentration. The calculation that ultimately needs to be carried out is: concentration NaOH 1000 x mass KHP × purity KHP molar mass KHP x volume NaOH Measurements: a) You use a balance to weigh 0.3992 g of KHP. The uncertainty is ±0.15 mg (0.00015 g). b) You use a buret to slowly add NaOH to the KHP until it reaches the endpoint. It takes 18.73 mL of NaOH. The uncertainty of the burst is 0.03 mL.. c) The manufacturer states the purity of KHP is 100%±0.05%. d) Even though we don't think much about them, molar masses have uncertainty as well. The uncertainty comes from the distribution of isotopes, rather than random measurement error. The uncertainty in the elements composing KHP are: a. Carbon: b. Hydrogen: ±0.0008…

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur in each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin.

Concept introduction:

In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site. One curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the electron-rich atom to the H attached to the electron-poor site to show the formation of a bond. A second curved arrow is drawn starting from the middle of the broken bond to the atom on which the lone pair ends up to indicate the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, is to be named.

Concept introduction:

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from an electron-poor site to an electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step. In the SN2 type of reaction, the lone pair of electrons from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate to which the electron-poor atom is attached. Since the negatively charged atom (nucleophile) starts forming a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the electron poor atom and carbon atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds take place simultaneously.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur in each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin.

Concept introduction:

In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site. One curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the electron-rich atom to the H attached to the electron-poor site to show the formation of a bond. A second curved arrow is drawn starting from the middle of the broken bond to the atom on which the lone pair ends up to indicate the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, is to be named.

Concept introduction:

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from an electron-poor site to an electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step. In the SN2 type of reaction, the lone pair of electrons from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate to which the electron-poor atom is attached. Since the negatively charged atom (nucleophile) starts forming a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the electron poor atom and carbon atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds take place simultaneously.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur in each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin.

Concept introduction:

In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site. One curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the electron-rich atom to the H attached to the electron-poor site to show the formation of a bond. A second curved arrow is drawn starting from the middle of the broken bond to the atom on which the lone pair ends up to indicate the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, is to be named.

Concept introduction:

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from an electron-poor site to an electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step. In the SN2 type of reaction, the lone pair of electrons from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate to which the electron-poor atom is attached. Since the negatively charged atom (nucleophile) starts forming a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the electron poor atom and carbon atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds take place simultaneously.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 7.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur in each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin.

Concept introduction:

In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site. One curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the electron-rich atom to the H attached to the electron-poor site to show the formation of a bond. A second curved arrow is drawn starting from the middle of the broken bond to the atom on which the lone pair ends up to indicate the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, is to be named.

Concept introduction:

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from an electron-poor site to an electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step. In the SN2 type of reaction, the lone pair of electrons from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate to which the electron-poor atom is attached. Since the negatively charged atom (nucleophile) starts forming a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the electron poor atom and carbon atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds take place simultaneously.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 7.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 7.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, all electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is called an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is called an electron-poor site. An electron-rich atom has a lone pair of electrons whereas an electron-poor atom lacks an octet. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur in each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin.

Concept introduction:

In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site. One curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the electron-rich atom to the H attached to the electron-poor site to show the formation of a bond. A second curved arrow is drawn starting from the middle of the broken bond to the atom on which the lone pair ends up to indicate the breaking of the bond.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur in each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin.

Concept introduction:

In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site. One curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the electron-rich atom to the H attached to the electron-poor site to show the formation of a bond. A second curved arrow is drawn starting from the middle of the broken bond to the atom on which the lone pair ends up to indicate the breaking of the bond.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, is to be named.

Concept introduction:

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from an electron-poor site to an electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step. In the SN2 type of reaction, the lone pair of electrons from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate to which the electron-poor atom is attached. Since the negatively charged atom (nucleophile) starts forming a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the electron poor atom and carbon atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds take place simultaneously.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Each step of the given reaction, which converts an epoxide into a bromohydrin, is to be named.

Concept introduction:

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from an electron-poor site to an electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step. In the SN2 type of reaction, the lone pair of electrons from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate to which the electron-poor atom is attached. Since the negatively charged atom (nucleophile) starts forming a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the electron poor atom and carbon atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds take place simultaneously.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.1P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.2P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.3P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.4P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.5P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.6P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.7P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.8P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.9P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that electrons flow from an electron-rich site to a non-electronspoor site in an elementary step.

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Chapter 7 Solutions