Definition of the following terminologies: 1. Monosaccharide 2. Aldose 3. Ketose 4. Diastereomer 5. Epimer Introduction: Carbohydrates are the basic sources of energy in a living organism. The molecules with only one type of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. The sugars have been divided into aldose and ketose. Carbohydrates also have different categorie, sncluding isomers, which have a group of molecules that possess the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms (chemical structure).

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 7, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Definition of the following terminologies:

1. Monosaccharide

2. Aldose

3. Ketose

4. Diastereomer

5. Epimer

Introduction:

Carbohydrates are the basic sources of energy in a living organism. The molecules with only one type of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. The sugars have been divided into aldose and ketose. Carbohydrates also have different categorie, sncluding isomers, which have a group of molecules that possess the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms (chemical structure).

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The table provides the standard reduction potential, E', for relevant half-cell reactions. Half-reaction E'° (V) Oxaloacetate² + 2H+ + 2e malate²- -0.166 Pyruvate + 2H+ + 2e → lactate -0.185 Acetaldehyde + 2H+ + 2e¯ →→→ ethanol -0.197 NAD+ + H+ + 2e--> NADH -0.320 NADP+ + H+ + 2e →→ NADPH Acetoacetate + 2H+ + 2e¯ - -0.324 B-hydroxybutyrate -0.346 Which of the reactions listed would proceed in the direction shown, under standard conditions, in the presence of the appropriate enzymes? Malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ Malate + pyruvate oxaloacetate + lactate Pyruvate + NADH + H+ lactate + NAD+ Pyruvate + p-hydroxybutyrate lactate + acetoacetate Acetaldehyde + succinate ethanol + fumerate Acetoacetate + NADH + H+ → B-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+

Arrange the four structures in order from most reduced to most oxidized. Most reduced R-CH2-CH3 R-CH2-CH₂-OH R-CH,-CHO R-CH₂-COO Most oxidized

for each pair of biomolecules, identify the type of reaction (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, isomerization, group transfer, or nternal rearrangement) required to convert the first molecule to the second. In each case, indicate the general type of enzyme and cofactor(s) c reactants required, and any other products that would result. R-CH-CH-CH-C-S-COA A(n) A(n) A(n) A(n) Palmitoyl-CoA R-CH-CH=CH-C-S-CoA ° trans-A-Enoyl-CoA reaction converts palmitoyl-CoA to trans-A2-enoyl-CoA. This reaction requires and also produces Coo HN-C-H CH₂ CH₂ CH CH CH, CH, L-Leucine CH, CH, D-Leucine 8/6881 COO HÌNH: reaction converts L-leucine to D-leucine. This reaction is catalyzed by a(n) H-C-OH H-C-OH C=0 HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH,OH Glucose H-C-OH CH,OH Fructose OH OH OH CH-C-CH₂ reaction converts glucose to fructose. This reaction is catalyzed by a(n) OH OH OPO I CH-C-CH H Glycerol Glycerol 3-phosphate H reaction converts glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate. This reaction requires H,N- H,N H…

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 7, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Definition of the following terminologies:

1. Monosaccharide

2. Aldose

3. Ketose

4. Diastereomer

5. Epimer

Introduction:

Carbohydrates are the basic sources of energy in a living organism. The molecules with only one type of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. The sugars have been divided into aldose and ketose. Carbohydrates also have different categorie, sncluding isomers, which have a group of molecules that possess the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms (chemical structure).

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 7, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Definition of the following terminologies:

1. Monosaccharide

2. Aldose

3. Ketose

4. Diastereomer

5. Epimer

Introduction:

Carbohydrates are the basic sources of energy in a living organism. The molecules with only one type of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. The sugars have been divided into aldose and ketose. Carbohydrates also have different categorie, sncluding isomers, which have a group of molecules that possess the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms (chemical structure).

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 7, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction