Chapter 6.6, Problem 14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction have to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

$Erythro$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction have to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction have to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction have to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction have to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

$Erythro$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction have to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.