Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using
Concept introduction:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as
Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
(b)
Interpretation:
The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.
Concept introduction:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
(c)
Interpretation:
The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.
Concept introduction:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
(d)
Interpretation:
The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.
Concept introduction:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 6 Solutions
EP ESSENTIAL ORG.CHEM.-MOD.MASTERING
- The acid-base chemistry of both EDTA and EBT are important to ensuring that the reactions proceed as desired, thus the pH is controlled using a buffer. What percent of the EBT indicator will be in the desired HIn2- state at pH = 10.5. pKa1 = 6.2 and pKa2 = 11.6 of EBTarrow_forwardCUE COLUMN NOTES (A. Determine Stereoisomers it has ⑤ Identify any meso B compounds cl Br cl -c-c-c-c-¿- 1 CI C- | 2,4-Dichloro-3-bromopentanearrow_forwardThe acid-base chemistry of both EDTA and EBT are important to ensuring that the reactions proceed as desired, thus the pH is controlled using a buffer. What percent of the EBT indicator will be in the desired HIn2- state at pH = 10.5. pKa1 = 6.2 and pKa2 = 11.6 of EBTarrow_forward
- What does the phrase 'fit for purpose' mean in relation to analytical chemistry? Please provide examples too.arrow_forwardFor each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density × NO2 ○ donating O donating O withdrawing O withdrawing O electron-rich electron-deficient no inductive effects O no resonance effects O similar to benzene E [ CI O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Explanation Check ○ donating withdrawing no resonance effects electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center Accesarrow_forwardUnderstanding how substituents activate Rank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation HN NH2 Check X (Choose one) (Choose one) (Choose one) (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center Aarrow_forward
- Identifying electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effects on benzene For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Inductive Effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density Molecule CF3 O donating O donating O withdrawing O withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene CH3 O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects O donating O withdrawing Ono resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Explanation Check Х © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forward* Hint: Think back to Chem 1 solubility rules. Follow Up Questions for Part B 12. What impact do the following disturbances to a system at equilibrium have on k, the rate constant for the forward reaction? Explain. (4 pts) a) Changing the concentration of a reactant or product. (2 pts) b) Changing the temperature of an exothermic reaction. (2 pts) ofarrow_forwardDraw TWO general chemical equation to prepare Symmetrical and non-Symmetrical ethers Draw 1 chemical reaction of an etherarrow_forward
- Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub CoChemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning

