Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The total vapor pressure of the solutions at
Concept Introduction:
The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor produces a characteristic vapor pressure for each substance that depends on the temperature. The lowering of the vapor pressure is caused by a lesser ability of the solvent to evaporate, so equilibrium is reached with a smaller concentration of the solvent in the gas phase. The vapor pressure of a solution is expressed using Raoult’s law:
The vapor pressure of the solvent
Mole fraction: Mole fraction of a substance in a solution is the number of moles of that substance divided by the total number of moles of all substances present. The formula is,
Dalton’s Law:
The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of its component gases.
Where
The partial pressure of the gas can be obtained by multiplying the total pressure of the mixture with the percent of the gases present in the mixture.
(a)

Answer to Problem 5C.11E
The total vapor pressure of the solutions at
The mole fraction of benzene in the vapor phase above the solution is
The mole fraction of toluene in the vapor phase above the solution is
Explanation of Solution
Total vapor pressure of the solution:
Given,
The vapor pressure of pure benzene at
The vapor pressure of pure toluene at
Moles of benzene is
Moles of toluene is
The mole fraction of benzene is calculated as,
Mole fraction of benzene=
Mole fraction of benzene=
Mole fraction of benzene=
The mole fraction of benzene is
The vapor pressure of benzene is calculated as,
The vapor pressure of benzene is
The mole fraction of toluene is calculated as,
Mole fraction of toluene=
Mole fraction of toluene =
Mole fraction of toluene =
The mole fraction of toluene is
The vapor pressure of toluene is calculated as,
The vapor pressure of toluene is
The total vapor pressure is calculated using Dalton’s law.
The vapor pressure of benzene
The vapor pressure of toluene
The total vapor pressure of the solution at
Mole fraction of benzene in vapor phase:
The vapor pressure of benzene is
The total vapor pressure of the solution at
The mole fraction of benzene in the vapor phase is calculated as
The mole fraction of benzene in the vapor phase above the solution is
Mole fraction of toluene in vapor phase:
The vapor pressure of benzene is
The total vapor pressure of the solution at
The mole fraction of toluene in the vapor phase is calculated as
The mole fraction of toluene in the vapor phase above the solution is
(b)
Interpretation:
The total vapor pressure of the solutions at
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Answer to Problem 5C.11E
The total vapor pressure of the solutions at
The mole fraction of benzene in the vapor phase above the solution is
The mole fraction of toluene in the vapor phase above the solution is
Explanation of Solution
Given,
The vapor pressure of pure benzene at
The vapor pressure of pure toluene at
Grams of benzene is
Grams of toluene is
The moles of benzene is calculated as,
Moles of benzene=
Moles of benzene=
The moles of toluene is calculated as,
Moles of toluene=
Moles of toluene=
The mole fraction of benzene is calculated as,
Mole fraction of benzene=
Mole fraction of benzene=
Mole fraction of benzene=
The mole fraction of benzene is
The vapor pressure of benzene is calculated as,
The vapor pressure of benzene is
The mole fraction of toluene is calculated as,
Mole fraction of toluene=
Mole fraction of toluene =
Mole fraction of toluene =
The mole fraction of toluene is
The vapor pressure of toluene is calculated as,
The vapor pressure of toluene is
The total vapor pressure is calculated using Dalton’s law.
The vapor pressure of benzene
The vapor pressure of toluene
The total vapor pressure of the solution at
Mole fraction of benzene in vapor phase:
The vapor pressure of benzene is
The total vapor pressure of the solution at
The mole fraction of benzene in the vapor phase is calculated as
The mole fraction of benzene in the vapor phase above the solution is
Mole fraction of toluene in vapor phase:
The vapor pressure of benzene is
The total vapor pressure of the solution at
The mole fraction of toluene in the vapor phase is calculated as
The mole fraction of toluene in the vapor phase above the solution is
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 5 Solutions
ACHIEVE/CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES ACCESS 1TERM
- If cyclopentyl acetaldehyde reacts with NaOH, state the product (formula).arrow_forwardDraw the major product of this reaction. Ignore inorganic byproducts. N S S HgCl2, H2SO4 く 8 W X Parrow_forwardtab esc く Drawing the After running various experiments, you determine that the mechanism for the following reaction occurs in a step-wise fashion. Br + OH + Using this information, draw the correct mechanism in the space below. 1 Explanation Check F2 F1 @2 Q W A os lock control option T S # 3 80 F3 Br $ 4 0105 % OH2 + Br Add/Remove step X C F5 F6 6 R E T Y 29 & 7 F D G H Click and drag to start drawing a structure. © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Ce A F7 DII F8 C Ո 8 * 9 4 F10 F C J K L C V Z X B N M H command P ge Coarrow_forward
- Indicate compound A that must react with ethylbenzene to obtain 4-ethylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid. 3-bromo-4-ethylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid.arrow_forwardPart 1 of 2 Draw the structure of A, the minor E1 product of the reaction. esc I Skip Part Check H₂O, D 2 A + Click and drag to start drawing a structure. -0- F1 F2 1 2 # 3 Q A 80 F3 W E S D F4 $ 4 % 5 F5 ㅇ F6 R T Y F G X 5 & 7 + Save 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. DII F7 F8 H * C 80 J Z X C V B N 4 F9 6arrow_forwardFile Preview The following is a total synthesis of the pheromone of the western pine beetle. Such syntheses are interesting both because of the organic chemistry, and because of the possibility of using species specific insecticides, rather than broad band insecticides. Provide the reagents for each step. There is some chemistry from our most recent chapter in this synthesis, but other steps are review from earlier chapters. (8 points) COOEt COOEt A C COOEt COOEt COOH B OH OTS CN D E See the last homework set F for assistance on this one. H+, H₂O G OH OH The last step is just nucleophilic addition reactions, taking the ketone to an acetal, intramolecularly. But it is hard to visualize the three dimensional shape as it occurs. Frontalin, pheromone of the western pine beetlearrow_forward
- For the reaction below: 1. Draw all reasonable elimination products to the right of the arrow. 2. In the box below the reaction, redraw any product you expect to be a major product. C Major Product: Check + ◎ + X ง © Cl I F2 80 F3 I σ F4 I F5 NaOH Click and drawing F6 A 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights E F7 F8 $ # % & 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q W E R T Y U A S D F G H Jarrow_forwardCan I please get help with this graph. If you can show exactly where it needs to pass through.arrow_forwardN Draw the major product of this reaction. Ignore inorganic byproducts. D 1. H₂O, pyridine 2. neutralizing work-up V P W X DE CO e C Larrow_forward
- Draw the major product of this reaction. Ignore inorganic byproducts. N O' 1. H2O, pyridine 2. neutralizing work-up く 8 W aarrow_forwardIdeal Gas Law Practice Name If you need a refresher on Ideal Gas Law, go back to your Ideal Gas Law Reading Assignment from last week! On all of the following, you'll need to make sure to convert pressures to atm and convert temperatures to Kelvin in order to be able to use the R gas constant on your equation sheet! Given: Ideal Gas Law = then P= pressure V = volume R= ideal gas consent PV=nRT namount of substance n=PV/TR P=nRT/V I = temperature V=nRT/P T=PV/nR R=PV/nT 1. What pressure is required to contain 0.023 moles of nitrogen gas in a 4.2 L container at a temperature of 20.°C? 2. Oxygen gas is collected at a pressure of 123 kPa in a container which has a volume of 10.0 L. What temperature must be maintained on 0.500 moles of this gas in order to maintain this pressure? Express the temperature in degrees Celsius. 3. How many moles of chlorine gas would occupy a volume of 35.5 L at a pressure of 100.0 kPa and a temperature of 100. °C? After determining the number of moles,…arrow_forward1. The following conversion includes chemistry we have covered very recently, some chemistry from last term, and chemistry from the first chapter of this unit. Provide curly arrows and an explanation for this mechanism. Use the reagents in the order given. You do not need any other reagents. 1. NaOEt OEt 2.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning





