Concept explainers
The transfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the important components in translation. Prokaryotes contain nearly 60 different tRNAs and humans have 100-110 tRNAs. The tRNA is composed of 73 to 93 nucleotides, a short single-stranded molecule. The tRNA structure contains acceptor stem, D loop, anticodon loop, TᴪC loop, and variable loop. The acceptor stem is composed of seven base pairs and four single-stranded nucleotides. The acceptor stem provides a site for the attachment of amino acids to tRNA. It plays a crucial role in recognition of the specific tRNA by its unique aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. This enzyme contributes the binding of the cognate or correct amino acid to the tRNA based on the corresponding anticodon.
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Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
- What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of initiator tRNA?arrow_forwardWhat is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase? The ability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to recognize tRNAs has sometimes been called the “second genetic code.” Why has the function of this type of enzyme been described this way?arrow_forwardHow does it improve the efficiency of protein synthesis to have several binding sites for tRNA close to each other on the ribosome?arrow_forward
- Prokaryotic mRNAs have a RBS (Ribosomal binding site). How they use RBS for translational machinery? What are the properties of RBS? Draw a simple scheme for RBS and mRNA interaction site.arrow_forwardWhat is post-translational modification? Describe two specific post-translational modifications and one effect of each modification?arrow_forwardWhat are some of the modifications in tRNA that take place through processing?arrow_forward
- One of the codons in mRNA that specifies the amino acid phenylalanine is UUC. What is the anticodon on the tRNA that carries phenylalanine?arrow_forwardWhat is the minimum number of tRNA molecules that a cell must contain in order to translate all 61 sense codons?arrow_forwardHow are cis-encoded RNAs, micro RNAs, and small interfering RNAs alike? How do they differ? What other non-coding RNAs can affect protein synthesis in eukaryotes?arrow_forward
- why is GTP hydrolysed in translation termination in bacteria? What are the by-products of termination?arrow_forwardWhat is an Okazaki fragment, and how are they later “glued” together? What are the types and major functions for each type of RNA? Define transcription and translation. Which process occurs first to make protein from DNA? In what direction does a polymerase move when synthesizing a strand of mRNA? What mRNA sequence is synthesized from a section of DNA that is 3’-TTGACCT-5’?arrow_forwardSo the spliceosome is a structure that allows RNA splicing to occur, expelling the introns. Does this produce the coding sequences that ultimately generate the mature RNA? Does any malfunction within the spliceosome give rise to alternative splicing?arrow_forward
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