Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 3AQ
What would be the result (in terms of protein synthesis) if RNA polymerase initiated transcription one base upstream of its normal starting point? Why? By inspecting Table 4.4, discuss how the genetic code has evolved to help minimize the impact of mutations.
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Students have asked these similar questions
The diagram below depicts an active transcription bubble after a short period of RNA synthesis during the
transcription process of a prokaryotic gene. Redraw the diagram and label parts (i) to (v) on the diagram.
Motivate your answers.
(i)
the template and the non-template strands;
(ii) the orientation (direction) of both DNA strands and that of the newly synthesised RNA strand;
(iii) the location of a possible promotor sequence;
(iv) the location of a possible Shine-Dalgarno sequence;
(v)
the specific area of activity of a RNA polymerase.
Consider this list (below) of steps involved in transcription. These steps are out of order.
TRANSCRIPTION:
1. mRNA travels through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm
2. the mRNA polymerase attaches at the start of a specific gene
3. RNA polymerase reads the gene surface4. a transcription factor bonds to a promoter site5. DNA molecule is unwound
6. a complimentary mRNA is produced
What is the correct order of this transcription?
This is a list of molecular changes that could happen during DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing, or translation. For each, determine whether or not the change will be passed down through generations of cells after it occurs. Explain your answer.
C->G point mutation in the DNA of a coding region of a gene
A->T point mutation in the noncoding region of a gene
An error in transcription changes the mRNA sequence such that what was an amino acid-coding codon in the DNA sequence is now a stop codon in the mRNA sequence.
An error in translation causes the amino acid alanine (nonpolar) to be replaced by the amino acid glutamic acid (polar and negatively charged).
Chapter 4 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 4.1 - What is a genome and what is it composed of? What...Ch. 4.1 - Define the terms complementary and antiparallel as...Ch. 4.1 - Why is supercoiling essential to a bacterial cell?...Ch. 4.1 - Describe the central dogma of molecular biology....Ch. 4.2 - Approximately how large is the Escherichia coli...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 4.2 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 4.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 4.3 - To which end (5 or 3) of a newly synthesized...
Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.3 - What are the functions of DNA Pol I and III and...Ch. 4.3 - What is meant by the term semiconservative...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 1MQCh. 4.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 4.4 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.4 - Prob. 1CRCh. 4.5 - What enzyme catalyzes transcription? What is a...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 4MQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 1CRCh. 4.6 - What three major components make up an archaeal...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 4.6 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.6 - How does the archaeal RNA polymerase differ from...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 4.7 - Differentiate between the different classes of...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.7 - Describe the two types of secondary structure a...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 4.8 - What is the function of the acceptor stem of a...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 4.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 4.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 4.9 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.9 - Why is the genetic code a degenerate code? What is...Ch. 4.10 - What are the components of a ribosome? What...Ch. 4.10 - How is a completed polypeptide chain released from...Ch. 4.10 - How does tmRNA free stalled ribosomes?Ch. 4.10 - Where on the ribosome do tRNAs bind, and what is...Ch. 4.11 - What are molecular chaperones and why are they...Ch. 4.11 - What macromolecules are protected by heat shock...Ch. 4.11 - How do chaperones assist the Escherichia coli cell...Ch. 4.11 - What proteins are involved in refolding misfolded...Ch. 4.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 4.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 4.12 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 4.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 4.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 4.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 4.13 - Prob. 1CRCh. 4 - The genome of the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae...Ch. 4 - Compare and contrast the activity of DNA and RNA...Ch. 4 - What would be the result (in terms of protein...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Answer the question in the attached picture:arrow_forwardAnswer the question in the attached picture:arrow_forwardYou are studying the rate of transcription of a particular eukaryotic gene. When the DNA located several thousand bases upstream from the gene is removed, the transcription rate of the gene decreases dramatically. How would you interpret these results?arrow_forward
- The human rhodopsin gene is 2675 nucleotides long from transcription start site to transcription stop site. The human rhodopsin protein is 348 amino acids. What is the length of the mature mRNA (starting at the start codon and ending at the stop codon) from which the rhodopsin protein is synthesized? Explain how you reached your answer, including information about introns, exons, and splicing.arrow_forwardUsing the transcription unit diagrammed below, in which exons are represented by blue boxes and introns are represented by the connecting lines. You discover a single base deletion in region E of this DNA sequence. Regarding transcription, this mutation will likely: 1.) Result in an alteration to the mRNA sequence. 2.)Have no effect on transcription or the mRNA sequence 3.)Prevent transcription at the TATAA box 4.) Result in an increase or decrease in the amount of mRNA transcribedarrow_forwardAccording to the Central Dogma, genes are the blueprints for making proteins. Each gene (humans have 21,325) contains a single “coded message” of DNA bases (A, T, G, & C) attached in a specific order, which the cell “reads” to create an mRNA molecule that is then translated into protein. Knowing this, EXPLAIN how a SINGLE gene can make different proteins in different cells.arrow_forward
- Define both transcription and translation. In addition, describe the role(s) of each of the following in the processes of gene expression and protein synthesis: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosome(s), RNA polymerase, codon, anticodon, amino acid(s) and polypeptide(s). Be detailed in your answer.arrow_forwardDuring the elongation phase of transcription, how is RNA polymerase able to "read" the DNA sequence of bases? O a. The RNA polymerase rotates like a corkscrew around the DNA helix - reading the sequence of bases while the two DNA strands remain completely hydrogen-bonded together. O b. The two DNA strands are temporarily reversed, so that the sugar-phosphate backbones are next to each other and the bases point outwards, allowing RNA polymerase to read the base sequence. O c. An enzyme complex unwinds and separates the two DNA strands down the full length of the gene (~1000-3000 bases), so that the RNA polymerase can travel smoothly along the template strand. O d. The RNA polymerase can separate the two strands of DNA as it travels, creating a small "window" between the strands, so it can read the template strand and create the complementary RNA copy.arrow_forwardTranscription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. It is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template). Transcription has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. What is the difference between Rho Dependent and Rho Independent termination in prokaryotes?arrow_forward
- After transcription has been completed in eukaryotes, the mRNA molecule first goes through some processing. Explain the 3 main things that are done during mRNA processing.arrow_forwardGive only typing answer with explanation and conclusionarrow_forwardWhat is the name of the enzyme is responsible for transcribing the DNA sequence into mRNA? In your own words, explain what this enzyme does.arrow_forward
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