General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780073511245
Author: Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 4.1, Problem 4.5P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The type of bonding in
Concept introduction:
The covalent bond can be defined as a chemical link between two atoms in which the electron pairs are shared. In ionic bonds, one atom donates electron/s to form cation and other atom accepts electron/s to form anion and these two ions link electrostatically.
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A nonmetal like oxygen forms both ionic and covalent bonds, depending on the identity of the element to which it bonds. What type of bonding is observed in CaO and CO 2? Explain why two different types of bonding are observed.
Draw all of the Lewis structures of O22- which obey the octet rule and use this Lewis structure or these resonance structures to predict how many covalent bonds connect each oxygen atom in the real structure to the central O atom. Assume that the octet rule is followed for the O atom when you draw your structure(s). Pick the correct statement from the choices below.
a) Each oxygen atom is connected to the central O atom with 1 covalent bonds.
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c) Each oxygen atom is connected to the central O atom with 2 covalent bonds.
d) Each oxygen atom is connected to the central O atom with 1.67 covalent bonds.
e) Each oxygen atom is connected to the central O atom with 1.25 covalent bonds.
Draw the Lewis structure for the N H 4 + ion.
Chapter 4 Solutions
General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry
Ch. 4.1 - Use electron-dot symbols to show how a hydrogen...Ch. 4.1 - Use electron-dot symbols to show how two chlorine...Ch. 4.1 - How many covalent bonds are predicted for each...Ch. 4.1 - Fill in the lone pairs on each atom to give every...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 4.5PCh. 4.1 - Draw a Lewis structure for each covalent molecule....Ch. 4.1 - Draw a Lewis structure for dimethyl ether (C2H6O)...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 4.8PCh. 4.2 - Prob. 4.9PCh. 4.2 - Prob. 4.10P
Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 4.11PCh. 4.3 - Prob. 4.12PCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4.13PCh. 4.4 - Draw resonance structures for each polyatomic...Ch. 4.4 - Nitrous oxide, N2O, is a sweet-smelling gas...Ch. 4.5 - Name each compound: (a) CS2; (b) SO2; (c) PCl5;...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 4.17PCh. 4.5 - What is the shape around the indicated atom in...Ch. 4.6 - NaNH2, sodium amid, is a salt that contains a...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 4.20PCh. 4.7 - Using the trends in the periodic table, rank the...Ch. 4.7 - Use electronegativity values to classify the...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 4.23PCh. 4.8 - Prob. 4.24PCh. 4.9 - Prob. 4.25PCh. 4.9 - Prob. 4.26PCh. 4 - For each pair of compounds, classify the bonding...Ch. 4 - For each pair of compounds, classify the bonding...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.29PCh. 4 - How many bonds and lone pairs are typically...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.31PCh. 4 - Fill in the lone pairs needed to give the main...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.33PCh. 4 - Convert the 3-D model of the general anesthetic...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each molecule. Hl...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each molecule....Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.37PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.38PCh. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for phosgene, CCl2O ,...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each ion: (a)...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each ion: (a)...Ch. 4 - Keeping in mind that some elements violate the...Ch. 4 - Keeping in mind that some elements violate the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.45PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.46PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.47PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.48PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.49PCh. 4 - Label each pair of compounds are resonance...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.51PCh. 4 - Draw three resonance structures for the nitrate...Ch. 4 - Name each covalent compound. PBr3 SO3 NCl3 P2S5Ch. 4 - Name each covalent compound. SF6 CBr4 N2O P4O10Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.55PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.56PCh. 4 - Add lone pairs where needed to give octets and...Ch. 4 - Add lone pairs where needed to give octets and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.59PCh. 4 - Match each compound with one of the molecular...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.61PCh. 4 - Add lone pairs where needed to give octets and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.63PCh. 4 - Considering each of the given ball-and stick...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.65PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.66PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.67PCh. 4 - Predict the bond angles around the indicated atoms...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.69PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.70PCh. 4 - Rank the atoms in each group in order of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.72PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.73PCh. 4 - Using electronegativity values, classify the bond...Ch. 4 - Label the bond formed between carbon and each of...Ch. 4 - Label the bond formed between fluroine and each of...Ch. 4 - Which bond in each pair is more polar-that is, has...Ch. 4 - Which bond in each pair is more polar-that is, has...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.79PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.80PCh. 4 - Label the polar bonds and then decide if each...Ch. 4 - Label the polar bonds and then decide if each...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.83PCh. 4 - Explain why H2O is a polar molecule but H2S is...Ch. 4 - Convert each ball-and-stick model to a Lewis...Ch. 4 - Convert each ball-and-stick model to a Lewis...Ch. 4 - Answer the following questions about the molecule...Ch. 4 - Answer the following question about the molecule...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.89PCh. 4 - Lactic acid gives sour milk its distinctive taste....Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.91PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.92PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.93PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.94PCh. 4 - Isobutyl cyanoacrylate is used in medical glues to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.96PCh. 4 - Cyclopropane is a stable compound that contains...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.98CPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.99CPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.100CP
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- Bond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forwardExplain in detail what is the type of bonding between NA+ and Cl- ions in NaCl?arrow_forwardwhat is the lewis structure for SiH4S?arrow_forward
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