Chapter 4, Problem 4.29P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Number of bonds and lone pairs present in C should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The number of bonds and lone pairs can be determined by the number of electrons resides in valence electrons of an atom. Atoms that have 1 to 3 valence electrons, forms same number of bonds as the number of valence electrons. These atoms are exceptions to the octet rule. Atoms which have 4 or more valence electrons form bonds with other atoms to complete their octet. So, number of bonds that atom with 4 or more valence electrons can be determined by subtracting the number of valence electrons from 8.

  $\text{Number of bonds = 8 - Number of valence electrons}$

One bond represents 2 electrons. Number of lone pairs can be determined by the following formula.

  $\text{Number of bonds + number of lone pairs = 4}$

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Number of bonds and lone pairs present in Se should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The number of bonds and lone pairs can be determined by the number of electrons resides in valence electrons of an atom. Atoms that have 1 to 3 valence electrons, form the same number of bonds as the number of valence electrons. These atoms are exceptions to the octet rule. Atoms which have 4 or more valence electrons form bonds with other atoms to complete their octet. So, number of bonds that atom with 4 or more valence electrons can be determined by subtracting the number of valence electrons from 8.

  $\text{Number of bonds = 8 - Number of valence electrons}$

One bond represents 2 electrons. Number of lone pairs can be determined by the following formula.

  $\text{Number of bonds + number of lone pairs = 4}$

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Number of bonds and lone pairs present in I should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The number of bonds and lone pairs can be determined by the number of electrons resides in valence electrons of an atom. Atoms that have 1 to 3 valence electrons, forms same number of bonds as the number of valence electrons. These atoms are exceptions to the octet rule. Atoms which have 4 or more valence electrons form bonds with other atoms to complete their octet. So, number of bonds that atom with 4 or more valence electrons can be determined by subtracting the number of valence electrons from 8.

  $\text{Number of bonds = 8 - Number of valence electrons}$

One bond represents 2 electrons. Number of lone pairs can be determined by the following formula.

  $\text{Number of bonds + number of lone pairs = 4}$

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Number of bonds and lone pairs present in P should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The number of bonds and lone pairs can be determined by the number of electrons resides in valence electrons of an atom. Atoms that have 1 to 3 valence electrons, forms same number of bonds as the number of valence electrons. These atoms are exceptions to the octet rule. Atoms which have 4 or more valence electrons form bonds with other atoms to complete their octet. So, number of bonds that atom with 4 or more valence electrons can be determined by subtracting the number of valence electrons from 8.

  $\text{Number of bonds = 8 - Number of valence electrons}$

One bond represents 2 electrons. Number of lone pairs can be determined by the following formula.

  $\text{Number of bonds + number of lone pairs = 4}$