Chapter 4, Problem 4.9EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Aldehyde must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom.  Aldehydes and ketones possess this carbonyl functional group in it.  The structural representation of a carbonyl group can be given as shown below,

The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom.  If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone.  If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide.  If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a carboxylic acid.  If one of the bonds in the carbonyl carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom that is bonded with alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic system is known as ester.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Ketone must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom.  Aldehydes and ketones possess this carbonyl functional group in it.  The structural representation of a carbonyl group can be given as shown below,

The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom.  If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone.  If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide.  If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a carboxylic acid.  If one of the bonds in the carbonyl carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom that is bonded with alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic system is known as ester.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Ester must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom.  Aldehydes and ketones possess this carbonyl functional group in it.  The structural representation of a carbonyl group can be given as shown below,

The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom.  If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone.  If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide.  If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a carboxylic acid.  If one of the bonds in the carbonyl carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom that is bonded with alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic system is known as ester.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Carboxylic acid must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom.  Aldehydes and ketones possess this carbonyl functional group in it.  The structural representation of a carbonyl group can be given as shown below,

The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom.  If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone.  If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide.  If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a carboxylic acid.  If one of the bonds in the carbonyl carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom that is bonded with alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic system is known as ester.