General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134042428
Author: Laura D. Frost, S. Todd Deal
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 4.77AP
Mark the chiral centers in the following molecules, if any, with an asterisk (*).
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Indicate the chiral centers in the molecules.
For example, alanine is a chiral amino acid that has two enantiomers: (+)-alanine and (-)-alanine.
These two are optical isomers.
NH2
NH2
4.
One of the most important properties of chiral
molecules in solution is their effect on plane-
polarized light, this effect is called optical activity.
-C H
2
COOH
HOOC
CH
When an enantiomer rotates a plane-polarized light
in the positive direction or clockwise, it is
dextrorotary (+ or d), while for a negative direction
or counterclockwise, it is levorotary (- or l)
(+)-Alanine
(-)-Alanine
Alanine is a chiral amino acid that has two
enantiomers: (+)-alanine and ()-alanine. These two are
optical isomers.
Organic Chemistry HW:
2,6-dimethyloct-2-ene
cannot be handwritten, please type or use a program to draw
Chiral Carbons show the expanded structure of this molecule.
Determine if this molecule contains any chiral carbons. If there are chiral carbons in the molecule, circle or highlight all of them. If your molecule does not contain any chiral carbons explain why none of the carbons are chiral
Chapter 4 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (3rd Edition)
Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.1PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.2PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.3PPCh. 4 - Draw a skeletal structure for ethane, C2H6. Do you...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.5PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.6PPCh. 4 - Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 4 - Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.9PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.10PP
Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.11PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.12PPCh. 4 - Write the condensed structure for the...Ch. 4 - Write the condensed structure for the...Ch. 4 - Write the skeletal structure for the alkane shown:...Ch. 4 - Write the skeletal structure for the alkane shown:...Ch. 4 - Identify the family of hydrocarbon present in the...Ch. 4 - Identify the family of hydrocarbon present in the...Ch. 4 - Identify all the functional groups present in the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.20PPCh. 4 - The most prevalent fatty acid in coconut oil is...Ch. 4 - The most common fatty acid found in animals is...Ch. 4 - Draw the condensed structural formula for each of...Ch. 4 - Give the correct name for each of the following...Ch. 4 - Draw the skeletal structure for each of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.26PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.27PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.28PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.29PPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.30PPCh. 4 - Determine the relationship between each of the...Ch. 4 - Determine the relationship between each of the...Ch. 4 - Determine if each of the following cycloalkanes or...Ch. 4 - Determine it each of the following cycloalkanes or...Ch. 4 - Mark the chiral centers in the following...Ch. 4 - Mark the chiral centers in the following...Ch. 4 - Convert each of the Lewis structures shown into a...Ch. 4 - Convert each of the Lewis structures in Problem...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.39APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.40APCh. 4 - Convert the skeletal structures shown to condensed...Ch. 4 - Convert the skeletal structures shown to condensed...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.43APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.44APCh. 4 - Alkanes are also referred to as saturated...Ch. 4 - Are alkanes considered polar or nonpolar...Ch. 4 - Give the skeletal structure and name of the...Ch. 4 - Give the skeletal structure and name of the...Ch. 4 - Name the following straight-chain alkanes or...Ch. 4 - Name the following straight-chain alkanes or...Ch. 4 - Explain the structural difference between a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.52APCh. 4 - Identify all of the functional groups in each of...Ch. 4 - Identify all of the functional groups in each of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.55APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.56APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.57APCh. 4 - Draw skeletal structures for each of the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.59APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.60APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.61APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.62APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.63APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.64APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.65APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.66APCh. 4 - How many structural isomers are possible for the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.68APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.69APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.70APCh. 4 - For each of the following compounds, indicate...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.72APCh. 4 - Determine whether each of the following is the cis...Ch. 4 - Determine whether each of the following is the cis...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.75APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.76APCh. 4 - Mark the chiral centers in the following...Ch. 4 - Mark the chiral centers in the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.79APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.80APCh. 4 - Prob. 4.81CPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.82CPCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.1QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.2QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.3QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.4QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.5QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.6QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.7QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.8QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.9QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.10QCh. 4 - Prob. 1IA.11QCh. 4 - Prob. 2IA.1QCh. 4 - Prob. 2IA.2QCh. 4 - Prob. 2IA.3QCh. 4 - Prob. 2IA.4QCh. 4 - Prob. 2IA.5QCh. 4 - What is the molecular shape (geometry) of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2IA.7QCh. 4 - Prob. 1ICCh. 4 - Prob. 2ICCh. 4 - Prob. 3ICCh. 4 - Prob. 4IC
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- How many chiral centers are in the molecule shown below? O HNarrow_forwardOrganic Chemistry HW: CANNOT BE HAND DRAWN 2,6-dimethyloct-2-ene Provide a detailed typed explanation of Stereoisomers show the expanded structure of your molecule. Calculate the maximum number of possible stereoisomers of your molecule using the following formula: Maximum number of possible stereoisomers = 2n (where n= the number of chiral carbons in your molecule). This calculation does not include E- or Z- isomers for any compounds containing double bonds Type or using a computer program "draw" the possible stereoisomers of the molecule. Note that E-, Z- isomers of each stereoisomer are also possible and would not be accounted for by the formula above; draw any E- or Z- isomers.arrow_forwardAre these chiral centers. Explain why (what are the four different groups attach to it)arrow_forward
- Proteins are made of amino acids. Given below is the structure of an example of amino acid. What are the two functional groups found in all amino acids? H CH3 | T + H-N-C-C T H H O carboxylate group and methyl group O ammonium group and methyl group O methyl group and thiol group O aldehyde group and ketone group O ammonium group and carboxylate group Oarrow_forwardDetermine (A.) functional groups presents in the molecules and (B) determine the number of chiral carbons in the molecule (Exclude alkane) NH2 HO (Hint: Only six functional groups available)arrow_forward||| O NAMING AND DRAWING ORGANIC MOLECULES Interpreting condensed chemical structures Use this condensed chemical structure to complete the table below. 0 NH₂ - CH — C — OH | CH3 The condensed chemical structure of alanine Some facts about the alanine molecule: number of carbon-carbon single (C - C) bonds: number of carbon-hydrogen single (C-H) bonds: number of oxygen-hydrogen single (O - H) bonds: number of nitrogen-hydrogen single (N - H) bonds: number of lone pairs: X Ś 0 ☐ 1 D 503 Jessarrow_forward
- The (R,R) isomer of methylphenidate (Ritalin) is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The (S,S) isomer is an antidepressant. Identify the two chiral carbons in the structure below. Is this the (R,R) or the (S,S) isomer? Draw the other isomer.arrow_forwardWhat is isomer? Name by typing the isomers of the compound whose closed formula is C4H9Cl. Which of these isomers can have chiral structure. Examine it from a stereochemical point of view.arrow_forward!arrow_forward
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