Introduction To Health Physics
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780071835275
Author: Johnson, Thomas E. (thomas Edward), Cember, Herman.
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 4, Problem 4.55P
To determine
The mass of the 0.1% of U-235 and mass of
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a. To release 100 MW of power, approximately how many uranium fissions must occur every second? b. How many kilograms of U-235 would have to fission in 1yr to sustain a rate of 100 MW of power output?
On absorption of a single neutron, plutonium Pu-239 can undergo fission into xenon Xe-134 plus
zirconium Zr-103 plus three neutrons. The masses of these nuclei are, mpu-239 = 239.052 amu,
mxe-134 = 133.905 amu, and mzr-103 = 102.927 amu. Calculate the energy given off in this nuclear
reaction.
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Suppose you are working as a reactor operator in the world’s largest nuclear power station at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, Japan. The first unit in this station began to operate in 1985.
Suppose the rate at which the nuclear power plant produces radioactive waste is proportional to the number of years it has been operating such that 500 pounds of waste is produced every year. Also, suppose that the waste decays exponentially at a rate of 5% per year.
At the beginning of 2011, The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster caused sever damages in the units which released the radiation waste to the atmosphere. Therefore, all the units were closed in 2011 for safety inspection. This left japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power. Finally, the unit began to operate at the beginning of 2019. As a reactor operator, you are asked to do the following:
a. Model the generation of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant radioactive waste as a function of time.
b.…
Chapter 4 Solutions
Introduction To Health Physics
Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.1PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.2PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.3PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.4PCh. 4 - If we start with 5 mg of 210Pb , what would be the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.6PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.7PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.8PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.9PCh. 4 - For use in carcinogenesis studies, benzo(a)pyrene...
Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.11PCh. 4 - Calculate the number of beta particles emitted per...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.13PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.14PCh. 4 - How much 234U is there in 1 metric ton of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.16PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.17PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.18PCh. 4 - The mean concentration of potassium in crustal...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.20PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.21PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.22PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.23PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.24PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.25PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.26PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.27PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.28PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.29PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.31PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.32PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.33PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.34PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.35PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.36PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.37PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.38PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.39PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.40PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.41PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.42PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.43PCh. 4 - What is the (a) half-life? (b) mean life (in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.45PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.46PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.47PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.48PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.49PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.53PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.54PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.55P
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- Copper-63 has a nucleus mass of 62.92959 u. Its atomic number is 29, and its atomic mass number is 63. The mass of a proton is 1.007276 u and the mass of a neutron is 1.008664 u What is the total binding energy of the nucleus? Express your answer in MeV and keep 4 significant digits.arrow_forwardOne of the nuclear fission reaction that can happen in a nuclear reactor is the fission of Uranium-235 into Rubidium- 96 and Cesium-137 as shown below. The atomic mass of U-235 is 235.043930 u, the atomic mass of Rubidium is 95.93427 u, the atomic mass of Cesium-137 is 136.90709 u, and the mass of a neutron is 1.008665 u. Determine the amount of energy released by the reaction, expressed in MeV. Keep five significant digits.arrow_forwardA group of geochemists have been analyzing a sample of radioactive material. After plotting ln(a) versus t, they calculate a slope value of -1.00·10−9 s−1. Determine the half-life of this material in years.arrow_forward
- One method for determining the age of ancient objects is by radiocarbon dating. Natural processes convert nitrogen to Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5730 years. When they are alive, animals assimilate Carbon-14 through the food chain. When an animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon and the amount of Carbon-14 decays exponentially. (a) Suppose the minimum detectable amount is 0.1% of the initial amount. What is the maximum age of a fossil that we could date using Carbon-14? (b) Suppose we wanted to date a fossil that was potentially 70 million years old. A radioactive isotope with what half-life would be required?arrow_forwardDensity is the ratio of mass to volume. If a uranium nucleus has a radius of 7.4 femtometers and nuclear mass of 238 AMU, what is its density in kg/m3? Assume the nucleus is sphere-shaped to find its volume.arrow_forwardSeawater contains 3 mg of uranium per cubic meter. (a) Given that the average ocean depth is about 4 km and water covers two-thirds of Earth’s surface, estimate the amount of uranium dissolved in the ocean. (b) Estimate how long this uranium could supply the world’s energy needs at the current usage of 1.5 × 1013 J/s. (c) Where does the dissolved uranium come from? Is it a renewable energy source? Can uranium from the ocean satisfy our energy requirements? Discuss. Note: Breeder reactors increase the efficiency of nuclear fuel use by approximately two orders of magnitude.arrow_forward
- Natural uranium is 0.7200% 235U and 99.27% 238U. What were the percentages of 235U and 238℃ in natural uranium when Earth formed 4.5 x 109 years ago, respectively? percentage 235U percentage 238U % %arrow_forwardSeawater contains 3 mg of uranium per cubic meter. (a) Given that the average ocean depth is about 4 km and water covers two - thirds of Earth’s surface, estimate the amount of uranium dissolved in the ocean. (b) Estimate how long this uranium could supply the world’s energy needs at the current usage of 1.5 x 1013 J/s. (c) Where does the dissolved uranium come from? Is it a renewable energy source? Can uranium from the ocean satisfy our energy requirements? Discuss. Note: Breeder reactors increase the efficiency of nuclear fuel use by approximately two orders of magnitude.arrow_forwardCarbon-14 is an isotope of carbon that is formed when radiation from the sun strikes ordinary carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Plants such as trees, which get their carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, therefore contain a small amount of carbon-14. Once a particular part of a plant has been formed, no more new carbon 14 is taken in. The carbon 14 in that part of the plant decays slowly. Let P be the percent of carbon-14 remaining in a part of a tree that grew t years ago (so t years ago, there was 100 percent of the carbon-14 existing in that part of the tree). Write the particular equation expressing P in terms of t. You may assume that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. a.) A piece of wood some believe to have come from Noah's Ark has 47.93% of its carbon-14 remaining. The Great Flood was supposed to have occurred in 4004 B.C. Is this piece of wood old enough to have come from Noah's Ark? Justify your answer. b.)arrow_forward
- While Uranium-235 is commonly used in nuclear power plants, the isotope U-238 is more commonly found in nature. a) How many neutrons are in the nuclei of U-235? b) How many neutrons are in the nuclei of U-238? Given the mass of 1 proton is 1.007825 amu, 1 neutron is 1.008665 amu and the binding energy of 1 amu is 931.49 MeV(1 .MeV= 1 x 10^6 eV). c) If the mass of U-235 is 235.0439299 amu, what is the mass defect in amu? d) What is the binding energy in MeV?arrow_forward1 amu = 931.5 Mev U-235 = 235.0439 amu Kr-91 = 90.9037 amu Ba-142 = 141.8857 amuarrow_forwardWhile Uranium-235 is commonly used in nuclear power plants, the isotope U-238 is more commonly found in nature. a) How many neutrons are in the nuclei of U-235? b) How many neutrons are in the nuclei of U-238? Given the mass of 1 proton is 1.007825 amu, 1 neutron is 1.008665 amu and the binding energy of 1 amu is 931.49 MeV(1.MeV=1x10^6 eV). c) If the mass of U-235 is 235.0439299 amu, what is the mass defect in amu? d) What is the binding energy in MeV?arrow_forward
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