Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective (3rd Edition)
Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134092669
Author: Bryant, Randal E. Bryant, David R. O'Hallaron, David R., Randal E.; O'Hallaron, Bryant/O'hallaron
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 4, Problem 4.51HW
Program Plan Intro

Processing stages:

  • The processing of an instruction has number of operations.
  • The operations are organized into particular sequence of stages.
  • It attempts to follow a uniform sequence for all instructions.
  • The description of stages are shown below:
    • Fetch:
      • It uses program counter “PC” as memory address to read instruction bytes from memory.
      • The 4-bit portions “icode” and “ifun” of specifier byte is extracted from instruction.
      • It fetches “valC” that denotes an 8-byte constant.
      • It computes “valP” that denotes value of “PC” plus length of fetched instruction.
    • Decode:
      • The register file is been read with two operands.
      • It gives values “valA” and “valB” for operands.
      • It reads registers with instruction fields “rA” and “rB”.
    • Execute:
      • In this stage the ALU either performs required operation or increments and decrements stack pointer.
      • The resulting value is termed as “valE”.
      • The condition codes are evaluated and destination register is updated based on condition.
      • It determines whether branch should be taken or not in a jump instruction.
    • Memory:
      • The data is been written to memory or read from memory in this stage.
      •  The value that is read is determined as “valM”.
    • Write back:
      • The results are been written to register file.
      • It can write up to two results.
    • PC update:
      • The program counter “PC” denotes memory address to read bytes of instruction from memory.
      • It is used to set next instruction’s address.

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Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective (3rd Edition)

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