1 Keys To Studying Chemistry: Definitions, Units, And Problem Solving 2 The Components Of Matter 3 Stoichiometry Of Formulas And Equations 4 Three Major Classes Of Chemical Reactions 5 Gases And The Kinetic-molecular Theory 6 Thermochemistry: Energy Flow And Chemical Change 7 Quantum Theory And Atomic Structure 8 Electron Configuration And Chemical Periodicity 9 Models Of Chemical Bonding 10 The Shapes Of Molecules 11 Theories Of Covalent Bonding 12 Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, And Phase Changes 13 The Properties Of Mixtures: Solutions And Colloids 14 Periodic Patterns In The Main-group Elements 15 Organic Compounds And The Atomic Properties Of Carbon 16 Kinetics: Rates And Mechanisms Of Chemical Reactions 17 Equilibrium: The Extent Of Chemical Reactions 18 Acid-base Equilibria 19 Ionic Equilibria In Aqueous Systems 20 Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, And Reaction Direction 21 Electrochemistry: Chemical Change And Electrical Work 22 The Elements In Nature And Industry 23 Transition Elements And Their Coordination Compounds 24 Nuclear Reactions And Their Applications expand_more
4.1 Solution Concentration And The Role Of Water As A Solvent 4.2 Precipitation Reactions 4.3 Acid-base Reactions 4.4 Oxidation-reduction (redox) Reactions 4.5 Elements In Redox Reactions 4.6 The Reversibility Of Reactions And The Equilibrium State Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 4.1P Problem 4.2P: What types of substances are most likely to be soluble in water?
Problem 4.3P Problem 4.4P Problem 4.5P: Which of the following scenes best represents how the ions occur in an aqueous solution of: (a)... Problem 4.6P Problem 4.7P Problem 4.8P Problem 4.9P Problem 4.10P Problem 4.11P: A mathematical equation useful for dilution calculations is Mdil × Vdil = Mconc × Vconc. (a) What... Problem 4.12P Problem 4.13P Problem 4.14P Problem 4.15P Problem 4.16P: Does an aqueous solution of each of the following conduct an electric current? Explain.
Cesium... Problem 4.17P Problem 4.18P Problem 4.19P Problem 4.20P Problem 4.21P Problem 4.22P: Calculate each of the following quantities:
Mass (g) of solute in 185.8 mL of 0.267 M calcium... Problem 4.23P Problem 4.24P Problem 4.25P Problem 4.26P Problem 4.27P Problem 4.28P Problem 4.29P: Calculate each of the following quantities:
Volume (L) of 2.050 M copper(II) nitrate that must be... Problem 4.30P Problem 4.31P: Concentrated sulfuric acid (18.3 M) has a density of 1.84 g/mL.
How many moles of H2SO4 are in each... Problem 4.32P Problem 4.33P: Muriatic acid, an industrial grade of concentrated HCl, is used to clean masonry and cement. Its... Problem 4.34P Problem 4.35P Problem 4.36P Problem 4.37P: Write two sets of equations (both molecular and total ionic) with different reactants that have the... Problem 4.38P: Why do some pairs of ions precipitate and others do not?
Problem 4.39P: Use Table 4.1 to determine which of the following combinations leads to a precipitation reaction.... Problem 4.40P: The beakers represent the aqueous reaction of AgNO3 and NaCl. Silver ions are gray. What colors are... Problem 4.41P: Complete the following precipitation reactions with balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic... Problem 4.42P Problem 4.43P Problem 4.44P Problem 4.45P Problem 4.46P Problem 4.47P Problem 4.48P: If 25.0 mL of silver nitrate solution reacts with excess potassium chloride solution to yield 0.842... Problem 4.49P Problem 4.50P Problem 4.51P: With ions shown as spheres and solvent molecules omitted for clarity, the circle illustrates the... Problem 4.52P: The precipitation reaction between 25.0 mL of a solution containing a cation (purple) and 35.0 mL of... Problem 4.53P: A 1.50-g sample of an unknown alkali-metal carbonate was dissolved in water, and 31.10 mL of 0.350 M... Problem 4.54P Problem 4.55P: The mass percent of Cl− in a seawater sample is determined by titrating 25.00 mL of seawater with... Problem 4.56P Problem 4.57P Problem 4.58P: Write a general equation for a neutralization reaction.
Problem 4.59P Problem 4.60P: (a) Name three common weak acids. (b) Name one common weak base. (c) What is the major difference... Problem 4.61P Problem 4.62P Problem 4.63P: How many moles of H+ ions are present in each of the following aqueous solutions?
1.40 L of 0.25 M... Problem 4.64P Problem 4.65P Problem 4.66P: Complete the following acid-base reactions with balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic... Problem 4.67P: Limestone (calcium carbonate) is insoluble in water but dissolves in aqueous hydrochloric acid.... Problem 4.68P Problem 4.69P Problem 4.70P: How many grams of NaH2PO4 are needed to react with 43.74 mL of 0.285 M NaOH?
NaH2PO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq)... Problem 4.71P Problem 4.72P Problem 4.73P Problem 4.74P Problem 4.75P Problem 4.76P Problem 4.77P: A mixture of bases can sometimes be the active ingredient in antacid tablets. If 0.4826 g of a... Problem 4.78P: Describe how to determine the oxidation number of sulfur in (a) H2S and (b) .
Problem 4.79P Problem 4.80P Problem 4.81P: Why must every redox reaction involve an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent?
Problem 4.82P Problem 4.83P: Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in the following reaction, and explain your... Problem 4.84P: Give the oxidation number of carbon in each of the following:
(a) CF2Cl2 (b) Na2C2O4 (c) (d) C2H6
Problem 4.85P Problem 4.86P: Give the oxidation number of nitrogen in each of the following:
(a) NH2OH (b) N2F4 (c) (d) HNO2
Problem 4.87P: Give the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the following:
(a) SOCl2 (b) H2S2 (c) H2SO3 (d) Na2S
Problem 4.88P Problem 4.89P: Give the oxidation number of phosphorus in each of the following:
(a) (b) (c) PCl5
Problem 4.90P: Give the oxidation number of manganese in each of the following:
(a) (b) Mn2O3 (c) KMnO4
Problem 4.91P: Give the oxidation number of chromium in each of the following:
(a) CrO3 (b) (c) Cr2(SO4)3
Problem 4.92P: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following reactions:
(a)
(b)
Problem 4.93P: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following reactions:
Sn(s) + 2H+(aq) → Sn2+(aq) +... Problem 4.94P: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following reactions:
Problem 4.95P: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following reactions:
Problem 4.96P: The active agent in many hair bleaches is hydrogen peroxide. The amount of H2O2 in 14.8 g of hair... Problem 4.97P: A person’s blood alcohol (C2H5OH) level can be determined by titrating a sample of blood plasma with... Problem 4.98P: Which type of redox reaction leads to each of the following?
An increase in the number of... Problem 4.99P: Why do decomposition redox reactions typically have compounds as reactants, whereas combination... Problem 4.100P: Which of the types of reactions discussed in Section 4.6 commonly produce more than one compound?
Problem 4.101P: Are all combustion reactions redox reactions? Explain.
Problem 4.102P: Give one example of a combination reaction that is a redox reaction and another that is not a redox... Problem 4.103P Problem 4.104P Problem 4.105P Problem 4.106P Problem 4.107P Problem 4.108P: Predict the product(s) and write a balanced equation for each of the following redox... Problem 4.109P Problem 4.110P: Predict the product(s) and write a balanced equation for each of the following redox... Problem 4.111P Problem 4.112P: Predict the product(s) and write a balanced equation for each of the following redox... Problem 4.113P: How many grams of O2 can be prepared from the thermal decomposition of 4.27 kg of HgO? Name and... Problem 4.114P: How many grams of chlorine gas can be produced from the electrolytic decomposition of 874 g of... Problem 4.115P Problem 4.116P Problem 4.117P: A mixture of KClO3 and KCl with a mass of 0.950 g was heated to produce O2. After heating, the mass... Problem 4.118P Problem 4.119P: Before arc welding was developed, a displacement reaction involving aluminum and iron(III) oxide was... Problem 4.120P: Iron reacts rapidly with chlorine gas to form a reddish-brown, ionic compound (A), which contains... Problem 4.121P: A sample of impure magnesium was analyzed by allowing it to react with excess HCl solution. After... Problem 4.122P: Why is the equilibrium state said to be “dynamic”?
Problem 4.123P Problem 4.124P: Describe what happens on the molecular level when acetic acid dissolves in water.
Problem 4.125P: When either a mixture of NO and Br2 or pure nitrosyl bromide (NOBr) is placed in a reaction vessel,... Problem 4.126P Problem 4.127P: Nutritional biochemists have known for decades that acidic foods cooked in cast-iron cookware can... Problem 4.128P: Limestone (CaCO3) is used to remove acidic pollutants from smokestack flue gases. It is heated to... Problem 4.129P: The brewing industry uses yeast to convert glucose to ethanol. The baking industry uses the carbon... Problem 4.130P: A chemical engineer determines the mass percent of iron in an ore sample by converting the Fe to... Problem 4.131P Problem 4.132P: You are given solutions of HCl and NaOH and must determine their concentrations. You use 27.5 mL of... Problem 4.133P: The flask represents the products of the titration of 25 mL of sulfuric acid with 25 mL of sodium... Problem 4.134P: To find the mass percent of dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] in a soil sample, a geochemist titrates 13.86 g of... Problem 4.135P: On a lab exam, you have to find the concentrations of the monoprotic (one proton per molecule) acids... Problem 4.136P: Nitric acid, a major industrial and laboratory acid, is produced commercially by the multistep... Problem 4.137P Problem 4.138P: In 1995, Mario Molina, Paul Crutzen, and F. Sherwood Rowland shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry for... Problem 4.139P: Sodium peroxide (Na2O2) is often used in self-contained breathing devices, such as those used in... Problem 4.140P: A student forgets to weigh a mixture of sodium bromide dihydrate and magnesium bromide hexahydrate.... Problem 4.141P Problem 4.142P Problem 4.143P: Physicians who specialize in sports medicine routinely treat athletes and dancers. Ethyl chloride, a... Problem 4.144P: Thyroxine (C15H11I4NO4) is a hormone synthesized by the thyroid gland and used to control many... Problem 4.145P: Over time, as their free fatty acid (FFA) content increases, edible fats and oils become rancid. To... Problem 4.146P Problem 4.147P: Calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, and sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3, are ingredients of... Problem 4.148P Problem 4.149P Problem 4.150P Problem 4.151P: In 1997 and 2009, at United Nations conferences on climate change, many nations agreed to expand... Problem 4.152P: In a car engine, gasoline (represented by C8H18) does not burn completely, and some CO, a toxic... Problem 4.153P Problem 4.154P Problem 4.155P Problem 4.156P Problem 4.157P format_list_bulleted