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Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The number of electrons that a
Concept Introduction:
Electrons are present outside the nucleus of an atom. These electrons are restricted to some specific regions around the nucleus of an atom. Electrons do move rapidly in the space about the nucleus is divided into subspaces that are known as shells, subshells and orbitals.
Electron shells are the space region that is present around the nucleus and this contains electrons that possess approximately same energy and which spend most of their time in the same distance from nucleus. Electron shells are numbered as 1, 2, 3, and so on. The energy of electron increases as the distance between the nucleus and electron shell increases. Electron shell can accommodate electrons and it varies because higher the electron shell number, more is the number of electrons that can be present in it.
Electron subshell is the space region in the electron shell which contains the electrons that have same energy. The number of electron subshell present for each electron shell depends upon the shell number. Electrons are added to the electron subshell in the electron shell. The number of electron subshell that is present in an electron shell depends only on the shell number. If the shell number is 1, then there is only one electron subshell. If the shell number is 2 means then there is two electron subshells and so on.
Electron orbital is the space region in electron subshell where the electrons with specific energy are most likely to be found. An electron orbital can hold only two electrons irrespective of the other considerations. “s” subshell has one orbital, “p” subshell has three orbital, “d” subshell has five orbital and “f” subshell has seven orbitals.
Each and every orbitals have distinct shape. This does not depend upon the shell number. “s” orbital is spherical shape, “p” orbital has two lobes, “d” orbitals have four lobes, and “f” orbital has eight lobes.
Electrons that are present within an orbital “move about” in an orbital. Electron spins on its own either in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. In an orbital, the two electrons that are present will have opposite spin. If one electron spins in clockwise direction, the other electron will spin in anticlockwise direction in an orbital. For two electrons present in the same orbital, this is the most favorable state energetically.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- Q4: Rank the relative nucleophilicity of halide ions in water solution and DMF solution, respectively. F CI Br | Q5: Determine which of the substrates will and will not react with NaSCH3 in an SN2 reaction to have a reasonable yield of product. NH2 Br Br Br .OH Brarrow_forwardClassify each molecule as optically active or inactive. Determine the configuration at each H соон Chirality center OH 애 He OH H3C Ноос H H COOH A K B.arrow_forwardQ1: Rank the relative nucleophilicity of the following species in ethanol. CH3O¯, CH3OH, CH3COO, CH3COOH, CH3S Q2: Group these solvents into either protic solvents or aprotic solvents. Acetonitrile (CH3CN), H₂O, Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Acetone (CH3COCH3), CH3CH2OH, DMSO (CH3SOCH3), DMF (HCON(CH3)2), CH3OHarrow_forward
- Don't used hand raiting and don't used Ai solutionarrow_forward10. The main product of the following reaction is [1.1:4',1"-terphenyl]-2'-yl(1h-pyrazol-4- yl)methanone Ph N-H Pharrow_forwardDraw the Fischer projection for a D-aldo-pentose. (aldehyde pentose). How many total stereoisomers are there? Name the sugar you drew. Draw the Fischer projection for a L-keto-hexose. (ketone pentose). How many total stereoisomers are there? Draw the enantiomer.arrow_forward
- Draw a structure using wedges and dashes for the following compound: H- Et OH HO- H H- Me OHarrow_forwardWhich of the following molecules are NOT typical carbohydrates? For the molecules that are carbohydrates, label them as an aldose or ketose. HO Он ОН ОН Он ОН но ΤΗ HO ОН HO eve Он он ОН ОН ОН If polyethylene has an average molecular weight of 25,000 g/mol, how many repeat units are present?arrow_forwardDraw the a-anomer cyclized pyranose Haworth projection of the below hexose. Circle the anomeric carbons. Number the carbons on the Fischer and Haworth projections. Assign R and S for each chiral center. HO CHO -H HO -H H- -OH H -OH CH₂OH Draw the ẞ-anomer cyclized furanose Haworth projection for the below hexose. Circle the anomeric carbons. Number the carbons on the Fischer and Haworth projections. HO CHO -H H -OH HO -H H -OH CH₂OHarrow_forward
- Name the below disaccharide. Circle any hemiacetals. Identify the numbering of glycosidic linkage, and identify it as a or ẞ. OH HO HO OH HO HO HO OHarrow_forwardWhat are the monomers used to make the following polymers? F. а. b. с. d. Вецер хочому なarrow_forward1. Propose a reasonable mechanism for the following transformation. I'm looking for curved mechanistic arrows and appropriate formal charges on intermediates. OMe MeO OMe Me2N NMe2 OTBS OH xylenes OMe 'OTBSarrow_forward
- General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
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