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Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The percentage of molecules of trans-1,2-dimethycyclohexane has to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
Strain energy: Ring strain is a type of instability that exists when bonds in a molecule form angles that are abnormal. Strain is most commonly discussed for small rings such as cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes, whose internal angles are substantially smaller than the idealized value of approximately 109°.
Angle strain of cyclic molecules: The German chemist Adolf van Baeyer, believing that all cyclic molecules like planner, proposed that the stability of a cycloalkane could be predicated by determining the difference between this ideal bond angle and the bond angle in the planner cycloalkane.
We consider the simple example of the bond angle in cyclopropane are 600 degree repressing a 45.50 degree it deviation from 109.50, it is proved from Baeyer this deviation cause angle strain which decrease respective molecules stability.
The corresponding Bond strain formula shown below
Chair conformers: The cyclic compounds most commonly found in nature contain six-membered rings because carbon rings of that size can exist in conformation called a chair conformer that is almost completely free of ring strain.
Boat conformer: The boat conformers is further destabilized by the close proximity of the flagpole hydrogens the hydrogens at the “bow” and “stern” of the boat which cause steric strain.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…arrow_forwardA mixture of 0.568 M H₂O, 0.438 M Cl₂O, and 0.710 M HClO are enclosed in a vessel at 25 °C. H₂O(g) + C₁₂O(g) = 2 HOCl(g) K = 0.0900 at 25°C с Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of each gas at 25 °C. [H₂O]= [C₁₂O]= [HOCI]= M Σ Marrow_forwardWhat units (if any) does the response factor (K) have? Does the response factor (K) depend upon how the concentration is expressed (e.g. molarity, ppm, ppb, etc.)?arrow_forward
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- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage LearningOrganic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning
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