Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The electron geometries of all nonhydrogen atoms in the four listed species are to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Electron geometry around an atom is determined on the basis of the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory. Electron geometry describes the orientation of the electron groups in an atom’s valence shell. An electron group is a lone pair or a bond between the two atoms. The bond, whether a single, double or triple, counts as just one electron group.
Since all electrons have the same charge, the electron groups repel each other. They try to move (orient themselves) as far away from each other as possible in order to minimize these repulsions. This results in a linear geometry (
The number of electron groups and geometry is determined on the basis of the Lewis structure of the molecule/ion.
(b)
Interpretation:
The hybridization of all nonhydrogen atoms in the given four species is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals is used in Valence Bond (VB) Theory to account for the electron and molecular geometry around an atom. A hybrid orbital is a combination of one or more atomic orbitals from the valence shell of an atom. It typically involves an s orbital and a number of p orbitals from the valence shell, resulting in the same total number of hybrid orbitals of the same energy and shape. In heavy atoms, those from Group 3 onward, the valence shell d orbital may also be involved if the atom has an expanded octet. The orientation of these orbitals is same as the electron geometry of the atom. The number of hybrid orbitals required is the same as the number of electron groups. If the number of electron groups is two, two hybrid orbitals are needed. These are formed by a combination of the s and one p orbital, giving
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Chapter 3 Solutions
EBK ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: PRINCIPLES AND M
- Don't used hand raiting and don't used Ai solutionarrow_forward13.84. Chlorine atoms react with methane, forming HCI and CH3. The rate constant for the reaction is 6.0 × 107 M¹ s¹ at 298 K. When the experiment was run at three other temperatures, the following data were collected: T (K) k (M-1 s-1) 303 6.5 × 107 308 7.0 × 107 313 7.5 x 107 a. Calculate the values of the activation energy and the frequency factor for the reaction. b. What is the value of the rate constant in the lower stratosphere, where T = 218 K?arrow_forwardMy Organic Chemistry textbook says about the formation of cyclic hemiacetals, "Such intramolecular reactions to form five- and six-membered rings are faster than the corresponding intermolecular reactions. The two reacting functional groups, in this case OH and C=O, are held in close proximity, increasing the probability of reaction."According to the book, the formation of cyclic hemiacetals occurs in acidic conditions. So my question is whether the carbonyl group in this reaction reacts first with the end alcohol on the same molecule or with the ethylene glycol. And, given the explanation in the book, if it reacts first with ethylene glycol before its own end alcohol, why would it? I don't need to know the final answer. I need to know WHY it would not undergo an intermolecular reaction prior to reacting with the ethylene glycol if that is the case. Please do not use an AI answer.arrow_forward
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- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
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