(a) Interpretation: All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified. Concept introduction: According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp 2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Cytosine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Guanine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Thymine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

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2) a) Consider the following molecule . Given what you have learned about hybridization theory, draw an image or images explaining the bonding situation in this molecule. I want you to draw out all of the orbitals, hybrid orbitals and how they overlap to form the bonds in the molecule. Indicate the % s or p character in the given atomic and hybrid orbitals. Which C-C bond or bonds are the longest? In a paragraph or so explain the image or images you just drew. b) Lastly, consider the molecule below. Indicate the Molecular formula, the molar mass, label the hybridization of each atom except for hydrogen, indicate any chiral centers with a *, which bond or bonds are the shortest, identify by name of each functional group with an arrow pointing to the group.

Look at the Lewis structure below and determine the bond angle (See Table at end of problem). What are the bond angles at position 1 and 2 What is the hybridization for the central atom at positions 1 and 2 H. Look at the Lewis structure below. What is the bond angle at position 1 hybridization for the central atom at positions 1 and 2 ? What is the and 2 H 2 and 2 ? What is the Look at the Lewis structure below. What is the bond angle at position 1 hybridization for the central atom at positions 1 and 2 H. 1 ... ... H. .. 2 The possibilities for bond angle and hybridization are given in this table. Bond Angles < 90 90 <109.5 109.5 <120 120 180 Hybridization sp sp² sp³ sp³d sp³d²

Determine the hybridization state of each carbon atom in nemotin. HC ||| = C I с = ||| C T CH || C CH :0: CH :O: || с CH₂ CH₂

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Cytosine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Guanine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Thymine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Cytosine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Guanine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Thymine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Cytosine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Guanine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Thymine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 3.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Cytosine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Guanine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Thymine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 3.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 3.48P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Adenine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Cytosine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Cytosine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Guanine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Guanine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Thymine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

All non-hydrogen atoms that are required to be in the same plane for Thymine are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

According to the VSEPR theory, if an atom is surrounded by three electron groups, either three bonds or two bonds and one lone pair, then the geometry of such an atom is trigonal planar, and thus, it must be sp2 hybridized. When two atoms are connected by a double bond, those atoms, and any atoms to which they are directly bonded, prefer to lie in the same plane. In order to maintain this planar geometry, the atoms that are directly bonded to these doubly bonded atoms must lie in the same plane.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.1P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.2P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.3P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.4P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.5P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.6P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.7P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.8P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.9P Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.10P

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