Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 29, Problem 9P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
To give the ways in which the covalent modifications occurring on histone tails affect the DNA histone interactions.
Concept introduction:
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule made of two chains which coil around one another. These form a double helix which carries instructions genetical in nature like related to reproduction, growth, development, functioning of the living organisms.
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Examination of the histone modifications of a gene reveals an abundance of histone H3 with lysine 27 modified with a single methyl group. Does this suggest that this gene is activated or repressed? How would your answer change if many lysine 27 residues were modified with three methyl groups each?
1. Certain proteins that stimulate expression of a gene bind to DNA in a sequence specific manner and also induce conformational changes in the DNA. Describe the purpose of thses two modes of interaction with the DNA.
2. Draw the structures of the amino acid side chains that correspond to the following histone modification: a) acetylation of lysine; b) phosphorylation of serine; c) phosphorylation of histidine. How do thses modifications change the character of their respective side chain?
You discover a histone variant that has more positive charge than conventional histone proteins.
What effect do you predict this histone variant would have when it is inserted into chromatin?
A decrease in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin less condensed and increasing gene
expression
An increase in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin less condensed and decreasing gene
expression
An increase in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin more condensed and decreasing gene
expression
O A decrease in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin less condensed and decreasing gene
expression
Chapter 29 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 29 - Prob. 1PCh. 29 - The Events in Transcription Initiation Describe...Ch. 29 - Substrate Binding by RNA Polymerase RNA polymerase...Ch. 29 - Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic...Ch. 29 - Prob. 5PCh. 29 - Prob. 6PCh. 29 - Prob. 7PCh. 29 - Alternative Splicing Possibilities Suppose exon 17...Ch. 29 - Prob. 9PCh. 29 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 29 - Post-transcriptional Modification of Eukaryotic...Ch. 29 - Prob. 12PCh. 29 - Prob. 13PCh. 29 - The Lariat Intermediate in RNA Splicing Draw the...Ch. 29 - Prob. 15PCh. 29 - Prob. 16PCh. 29 - Prob. 17PCh. 29 - Prob. 18PCh. 29 - Figure 29.15 highlights in red the DNA phosphate...Ch. 29 - Chromatin decompaction is a preliminary step in...
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- To hold bacterial DNA in a more compact configuration, specificproteins must bind to the DNA and stabilize its conformation.Several different proteins are involved in this process. Some of theseproteins, such as H-NS, have been referred as histone-like, due totheir functional similarity to the histone proteins found in eukaryotes.Based on your knowledge of eukaryotic histone proteins, whatbiochemical properties would you expect bacterial histone-likeproteins to have?arrow_forwardWhy do chromatin remodeling factors exist? Remodeling factors are not essential but help regulate gene expression. Nucleosomes are intrinsically immobile on a biological timescale at physiological conditions. Remodeling factors are essential regulators of gene expression through covalent modification of histone tails.arrow_forwardDescribe how methylation and acetylation of the histones changes gene expression in eukaryotes. What groups are added? How do these processes physically affect chromatin structure? Silencing or Enhancing expression?arrow_forward
- Within living cells, many different proteins play importantfunctional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA butnot in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteinsimportant in the formation of chromosome structure. The positivelycharged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphategroups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNAbut do not require a specific nucleotide sequence to carry out theirfunction. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes thesynthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependentmanner. By comparison, many other proteins do interactwith nucleic acids in a sequence-dependent fashion. This means that a specific sequence of bases can provide a structure that isrecognized by a particular protein.Someexamples include transcription factors that affect the rate oftranscription and proteins that bind to origins of replication inbacteria.What topic in genetics does this question address?arrow_forwardWithin living cells, many different proteins play importantfunctional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA butnot in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteinsimportant in the formation of chromosome structure. The positivelycharged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphategroups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNAbut do not require a specific nucleotide sequence to carry out theirfunction. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes thesynthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependentmanner. By comparison, many other proteins do interactwith nucleic acids in a sequence-dependent fashion. This means thata specific sequence of bases can provide a structure that isrecognized by a particular protein.Someexamples include transcription factors that affect the rate oftranscription and proteins that bind to origins of replication inbacteria. With regard to the three-dimensional structure of…arrow_forwardWithin living cells, many different proteins play importantfunctional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA butnot in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteinsimportant in the formation of chromosome structure. The positivelycharged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphategroups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNAbut do not require a specific nucleotide sequence to carry out theirfunction. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes thesynthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependent manner. By comparison, many other proteins do interact with nucleic acids in a sequence-dependent fashion. This means that a specific sequence of bases can provide a structure that isrecognized by a particular protein.Someexamples include transcription factors that affect the rate oftranscription and proteins that bind to origins of replication inbacteria.What information do you know based onthe question…arrow_forward
- The following image shows the 'beads-on-a-string' model of DNA and the effects of histone modification on chromatin structure. What effect does histone acetylation have on Gene 1? Gene 1 De-acetylation Acetylation Ac Ac Gene 1 Ac Ac Ac O Acetylation increases expression of Gene 1 O Acetylation decreases expression of Gene 1 O Acetylation causes a mutation in Gene 1 O There is no way to tell from this figurearrow_forwardHistones are proteins that are found to be challenging to investigate and part of an enormous family of genes. In addition to Histones, another challenging gene is Ubiquitin (Ub). Find the number of ubiquitins in the human genome and what is the sequence of a representative/ prototypical ubiquitin?arrow_forwardHow histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histone tails ?arrow_forward
- Nucleosome positioning could affect the transcriptional activity of a gene. Give your inference on the activity of the gene in these condition: 1. No histone H1 protein and nucleosome structures cover the promoter, 2. Nucleosome crosslinked with histone H1 flanking the promoter region. 3. No nucleosome and Histone H1 flanking the promoter region.arrow_forwardWhat effect would inhibitors of histone deacetylases have upon transcription? Group of answer choices They would increase transcription by making the chromatin more compact They would increase transcription by making the chromatin less compact They would decrease transcription by making the chromatin more compact They would decrease transcription by making the chromatin less compact For this question, we will consider a eukaryotic mRNA that has four exons (E1, E2, E3, E4) and three introns (I1, I2, I3). What could occur if a protein were to bind over the 3' splice site of intron 2 (I2)? Group of answer choices The processed mRNA would consist of: E1+E2+E3+E4 The processed mRNA would consist only of: E1+E3 The processed mRNA would consist only of: E3+E4 The processed mRNA would consist of: E1+E2+E4arrow_forwardA protein domain that recognizes 5-methylcytosine in the context of double-stranded DNA has been characterized. What role might proteins containing such a domain play in regulating gene expression? Where on a double-stranded DNA molecule would you expect such a domain to bind?arrow_forward
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