Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781285869759
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 29, Problem 29.21P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
An explanation corresponding to the fact that the conversion of
Concept Introduction:
Fatty acids contain carboxylic group at the end of long hydrocarbon chain. The full form of
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In the breakdown of fatty acids, we see the activation of a carboxylic
acid by its conversion to a
amine
ester
alcohol
thioester
carbonyl
aldehyde
Determine the product of the biochemical hydration reaction.
O
H₂O, catalyst
GLYCOLYSIS:
1A) Starting with glucose (in the open-chain Fisher projection), draw out the molecular structures for
each step of glycolysis. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.
1B) What is the net reaction of glycolysis?
CITRIC ACID CYCLE:
2A) Starting with acetyl-coenzymeA and oxaloacetate, draw out the molecular structures for each step
of the citric acid cycle. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.
2B) What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle? What happens to each product?
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION:
3A) Thoroughly explain the biological significance of NADH/H* and FADH2 and their roles in
oxidative phosphorylation.
3B) Describe and diagram the general pathway of the electrons from NADH/H+ and FADH₂ to O₂
during the electron transport chain.
3C) What is "chemiosmotic coupling", and what is its relationship to ATP synthesis?
3D) During oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is…
Chapter 29 Solutions
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.1PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.2PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.3PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.4PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.5PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.6PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.7PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.8PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.9PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.10P
Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.11PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.12PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.13PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.14PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.15PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.16PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.17PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.18PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.19PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.20PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.21PCh. 29 - Which of these fatty acids can be synthesized by...Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.23PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.24PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.25PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.26PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.27PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.28PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.29PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.30PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.31PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.32PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.33PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.34PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.35PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.36PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.37PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.38PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.39PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.40PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.41PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.42PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.43PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.44PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.45PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.46PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.47PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.48PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.49PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.50PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.51PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.52PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.53PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.54PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.55PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.56PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.57PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.58PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.59PCh. 29 - 29-60 How does the energy source differ in...Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.61PCh. 29 - A vegan diet is one that excludes all animal...Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.63PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.64PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.65PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.66PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.67PCh. 29 - Prob. 29.68P
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- What are the products of the complete hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol?arrow_forwardThe following is a block diagram for a glycerophospholipid where the building blocks are labeled with letters and the linkages between building blocks are labeled with numbers. a. Which building blocks are fatty acid residues? b. Which building blocks are alcohol residues? c. Which linkages are ester linkages? d. Which linkages involve a phosphate residue?arrow_forwardWhat are the general names for the products obtained when a triacylglycerol molecule participates in an acidic-hydrolysis reaction in which a. three molecules of water participate b. two molecules of water participate c. one molecule of water participatesarrow_forward
- For each of the triacylglycerol molecules in Problem 19-35, indicate how many of each of the following entities are present in the molecule. In certain cases, the answer may be zero. a. Omega-3 fatty acid residues b. Omega-6 fatty acid residues c. Good fatty acid residues d. 9 fatty acid residuesarrow_forwardWhat structural change is associated with the introduction of a cis-double bond into a fatty acid molecule?arrow_forwardFor each of the triacylglycerol molecules in Problem 19-36, indicate how many of each of the following entities are present in the molecule. In certain cases, the answer may be zero. a. Omega-3 fatty acid residues b. Omega-6 fatty acid residues c. Bad fatty acid residues d. 9,12 fatty acid residuesarrow_forward
- The number of ATP molecules consumed and produced during glycolysis under anaerobic conditions are summarized in the following diagram (the ATP hydrolysis and synthesis reactions are shown in green). Phosphate Carbon atom 2 ATP 2 ADP ●●●●●● Glucose I Energy-Investing Phase O 2 ATP O 6 ATP O 1 ATP 8 ATP NADH + NAD* +H* O 4 ATP ●●●● 2 ADP 2 ATP NADH + NAD +H Based on the diagram above, for each glucose molecule broken down, what is the net energy yield of glycolysis in terms of ATP under anaerobic conditions? Pyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP ●●●●● Energy-Generating Phase Pyruvatearrow_forwardPlease detail the chemical reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). (Provide details not just the chemicals involved)arrow_forward2 A reaction is completed on oleic acid that removes its double bond and saturates its fatty acid chain to become completely saturated. What is true about the product? a) The melting point of the product will be greater than that of the starting material. Ob) The intermolecular forces between molecules of the product will be less than those between molecules of starting material. c) The number of kinks in the fatty acid chain will increase.arrow_forward
- Why might some food companies find it economically advantageous to advertise their products (such as corn oil and margarine) as being composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids?arrow_forwardConsider the equilibrium for the transesterification reaction. H₂SO4 triacylglycerol + 1-propanol fatty acid propyl ester + glycerol How do you think the amount of catalyst affects the amount of product present when the reaction reaches equilibrium? (I.e. What happens to the amount of product if you add more catalyst (acid)?) Briefly explain your answer.arrow_forwardDraw all products of the hydrolysis of the following triglyceride (triacylglycerol) molecule:arrow_forward
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