Organic Chemistry (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134042282
Author: Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 27.3, Problem 4P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The mechanism for the formation of a segment of poly vinyl chloride that contains three units of vinyl chloride and is initiated by hydrogen peroxide should be given.
Concept Introduction:
Monomers combine together to form polymers. Monomers are the repeating units of small molecules which link together to form polymers and the process is called as
Two types of polymers:
- Synthetic and biopolymers.
- DNA is an example for biopolymer and these type of polymers are synthesized by cells.
- Polymers synthesized by scientists are called
synthetic polymers and some examples are nylon, polyester etc.
Two types of synthetic polymers:
- Chain-growth
polymers or addition polymers and Step-growthpolymers or Condensation polymers. - Chain growth polymers are formed by the monomer addition to the end of a growing chain.
- Step-growth polymers are formed by combining monomers by removing small molecules of water or alcohol.
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Chapter 27 Solutions
Organic Chemistry (8th Edition)
Ch. 27.3 - Prob. 1PCh. 27.3 - Prob. 2PCh. 27.3 - Prob. 3PCh. 27.3 - Prob. 4PCh. 27.3 - Prob. 5PCh. 27.3 - Prob. 6PCh. 27.4 - Prob. 7PCh. 27.5 - Rank the following groups of monomers from most...Ch. 27.5 - Why does methyl methacrylate not undergo cationic...Ch. 27.6 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 27.6 - Explain why, when propylene oxide undergoes...Ch. 27.6 - Which monomer and which type of initiator can you...Ch. 27.6 - Prob. 13PCh. 27.8 - Draw a short segment of gutta-percha.Ch. 27.8 - Prob. 15PCh. 27.11 - Prob. 16PCh. 27.11 - Write an equation that explains what happens if a...Ch. 27.11 - What happens to polyester slacks if aqueous NaOH...Ch. 27.11 - a. Propose a mechanism for the formation of the...Ch. 27.11 - Explain why, when a small amount of glycerol is...Ch. 27.12 - Propose a mechanism for the formation of melmac.Ch. 27.12 - Prob. 22PCh. 27.13 - Prob. 23PCh. 27 - Draw short segments of the polymers obtained from...Ch. 27 - Prob. 25PCh. 27 - Prob. 26PCh. 27 - Draw the structure of the monomer or monomers used...Ch. 27 - Prob. 28PCh. 27 - Draw short segments of the polymers obtained from...Ch. 27 - Quiana is a synthetic fabric that feels very much...Ch. 27 - Prob. 31PCh. 27 - Prob. 32PCh. 27 - Prob. 33PCh. 27 - Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a polymer used to make...Ch. 27 - Five different repeating units are found in the...Ch. 27 - Prob. 37PCh. 27 - A particularly strong and rigid polyester used for...Ch. 27 - Prob. 39PCh. 27 - Which Monomer gives a greater yield of polymer,...Ch. 27 - Prob. 41PCh. 27 - Prob. 42PCh. 27 - Why do vinyl raincoats become brittle as they get...Ch. 27 - The polymer shown below is synthesized by...Ch. 27 - Prob. 45PCh. 27 - How can head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide) be...Ch. 27 - Delrin (polyoxymethylene) is a tough...
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- Styrene can autoinitiate free radical polymerization and form polystyrene in the absence of an initiator. At temperatures >100 °C, radicals form due to homolysis of the T bond in the vinyl group. In the study of this reaction, researchers have found 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane in samples of heated styrene. The following mechanism for the formation of 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane has been proposed: Step 1: Homolysis of the vinyl T bond in a styrene molecule Step 2: Homolysis of the vinyl T bond in a second styrene molecule Step 3: Tail-to-tail addition of the radicals from Steps 1 and 2 Step 4: Radical coupling of the diradical formed in Step 3 (a) Use curved arrow notation to show the steps in this mechanism. (b) Are the steps in this mechanism consistent with those for free radical polymerization? (c) Why is the use of an initiator such as benzoyl peroxide more efficient in the synthesis of polystyrene than autoinitiated polymerization?arrow_forwardUse mechanisms to show how monomers polymerize under acidic, basic, orfree-radical conditions. For chain-growth polymerization, determine whether the reactive end is more stable as a cation (acidic conditions), anion (basic conditions), or free radical (radical initiator). For step-growth polymerization, consider the mechanism of the condensation.arrow_forward2. Obtain an equation describing how the degree of polymerization, which represents the average number of monomer residues in each polymer molecule, changes with time in a condensation polymerization reaction. In this scenario, the reaction follows a rate law given by d[M]/dt = -k[M]3, where [M] signifies the monomer concentration.arrow_forward
- Why a particular polymerization reaction shows an exponential increase in reaction rate? Explain that polymerization reaction mechanism with suitable examples.arrow_forwardList down the factors that affect the cationic polymerization.arrow_forwardThe mechanism given for cationic polymerization of isobutylene shows that all the monomer molecules add with the same orientation, giving a polymerwith methyl groups on alternate carbon atoms of the chain. Explain why no isobutylene molecules add with the opposite orientation.arrow_forward
- 8. When an equilibrium step-growth polymerization is 99% complete, what fraction of the reaction mixture is still monomer (a) on mole basis and (b) on weight basis ?arrow_forwardShow the chain reaction (initiation ,propagation and termination) step in a polymer known as PMMA .arrow_forwardMonomers/initators used in free radical polymerization i) What monomer can be used with benzoyl peroxide and under what conditions? ii) What monomer can be used with di-tert-butyl peroxide and under what conditions? iii) What monomer can be used with hydrogen peroxide and under what condition?arrow_forward
- 5. If you take a chemically recyclable polymer and break it down to a monomer. How do you determine if the new polymer from the monomer is the same as the first one? Please give three technique for explanation.arrow_forwardWhich one of the following initiators can be used for free radical chain-growth polymerization? a) benzoyl peroxide b) BF3 c) CH3CH2CH2CH2Li d) Al(CH2CH3)3, TiCl4arrow_forwardDerive an expression for the rate of polymerization of stoichiometric amounts of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine in the presence of a catalyst. Indicate the assumptions inherent in the derivation. Derive an expression for the rate of a catalyzed polymerization of nonstoichiometric amounts of the two reactants. Given the data in the table below, determine the reaction rate constant (value and units). (Data: Temperature: 59.72 °C; Initial adipic acid concentration: 0.1531 kmol m°; Initial hexamethylene diamine concentration: 0.02864 kmol m) t (ks) Fraction amine reacted 29.7 0.2863 40.5 0.3630 47.7 0.4099 55.8 0.4572 62.1 0.4890 72.9 0.5396 83.7 0.5795arrow_forward
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