Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The metabolite in the given case should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
A metabolite is that the intermediate consequence of
(b)
Interpretation:
Defending predictions about Malonyl-CoA as a key indicator of nutrient availability.
Concept Introduction:
Malonyl-CoA could be a extremely regulated molecule in carboxylic acid synthesis; intrinsically, it inhibits the rate-limiting step in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Malonyl CoA inhibits fatty acids from associating with carnitine by regulation the protein carnitine acyl transferase, thereby preventing them from coming into the mitochondria, wherever carboxylic acid
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Check out a sample textbook solution- Complete oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid can yield 129 molecules of ATP Study Figure 19.2 and determine how many ATP molecules would be generated if a 16-carbon fatly acid were metabolized solely by the TCA cycle, in the form of S acetyl-CoA molecules.arrow_forwardExtending the Mechanism of Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase to Similar Reactions Based on the mechanism for the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (see problem 14), write reasonable mechanisms for the following reactions shown.arrow_forwardGlucagon secretion inhibits intracellular acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity through a number of different methods. Make a list of everything that comes to mind.arrow_forward
- Step 2 of B-oxidation involves a reaction with chemistry characterized as a dehydration. B-Oxidation is shown below. H HO || || C-C-S – CoA FAD но R-CH2- C Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase H-C-C -S- CoA Acetyl-CoA Fatty acyl-CoA H FADH2 - CH2 - -c-S- CoA R- Thiolase Fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbons COA-SH H. он Successive cycles R-CH2-C-C- -C-S- CoA R– CH2 C=C-C-S-CoA H B-Ketoacyl-Co.A trans-A²Enoyl-CoA NADH + H* H,0 H H L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase Enoyl-CoA hydratase R- CH,-c-c-C- S-CoA Но H NAD+ L-B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA True O Falsearrow_forward- Outline the mechanism of the conversion of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl- CoA catalyzed by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Include all products, coenzymes, and reactions in your discussion.arrow_forwardFatty acid biosynthesis begins with the condensation of a two-carbon acetyl residue from acetyl-COA and oxaloacetate, while oxidation leads to the release of two carbon units, acetyl-CoA and fatty acyl-CoA. However, these two processes are not simple reversal. Compare and contrast these two pathways.arrow_forward
- Fill in the blanks below (input numbers only!) about the metabolism of hexanoic acid, a fatty acid that is one of the components of vanilla, and whose formula is CH3(CH2)4COOH: First, the fatty acid is activated by attaching CoA, which costs ATP molecules. The fatty acid is then broken down through a beta-oxidation spiral, to make acetyl CoA molecules. This will require "turns" of the beta-oxidation process. Since each turn of the cycle yields ATP molecules, and each acetyl COA will yield ATP molecules by going through the rest of its metabolism, the net ATP molecules produced from one molecule of this fatty acid will bearrow_forwardPalmitoleic acid, 16:1Δ⁹ hexadecaenoic acid, (16 carbon FA with one double bond )is an important fatty acid component of TAGs and cell membranes. Briefly explain the process of beta oxidation of this fatty acid and the number (only) of FADH, NADH and acetyl CoA outcome. What is the total ATP (only number) generated from this fatty acid after beta oxidation.arrow_forwardBriefly explain the malate-aspartate shuttle. Distinguish between this shuttle with the glycerol -phosphate shuttle based upon their transport of reducing equivalents and their potential for ATP synthesis.arrow_forward
- Although both acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA are high-energy thioesters, their chemical energy is used in distinct ways. Elaborate.arrow_forwardCalculate the number of ATPS generated from the metabolic oxi- dation of the four carbons of acetoacetyl-CoA to CO,. Now consider the homolog derived from oxidation of an odd-numbered carbon chain, namely propionoacetyl-CoA. Calculate the net ATP yield from oxidation of the five carbons of this compound to CO,.arrow_forwardPlease answer the correct step and turnarrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning