Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 25, Problem 34CTQ
Describe how forceful urination is accomplished.
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9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two
fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure
below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of
the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally
put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your
total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available.
18 carbons
fatty acids
12 carbons
9
glycerol
A. Glycerol is broken down to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a glycolysis intermediate via the following
pathway shown in the figure below. Notice this process costs one ATP but generates one FADH2. Continue
generating ATP with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using the standard pathway and aerobic respiration.
glycerol
glycerol-3-
phosphate…
Normal dive (for diving humans)
normal
breathing
dive
normal
breathing
Oz level
CO2 level
urgent need
to breathe
Oz blackout zone
high CO2 triggers breathing
6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in
relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in
diving humans.
How might the location and slope of the O₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
How might the location and slope of the CO₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
•
Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above.
How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line
differ for diving marine mammals?
What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability
of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?
foraging/diet type
teeth
tongue
stomach
intestines
cecum
Insectivory
numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew
--
simple
short
mostly lacking
Myrmecophagy
absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater
extremely long
simple, often roughened
short
small or lacking
Terrestrial carnivory
sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog
--
simple
short
small
Aquatic carnivory
homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin
--
simple or multichambered (cetaceans only)
variable
small or absent
Sanguinivory
very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat
grooved
tubular, highly extensible
long
small or lacking
Herbivory (except nectivores)
incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver
--
simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants)
long
large
Filter feeding
none…
Chapter 25 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 25 - Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most...Ch. 25 - The color of urine is determined mainly by...Ch. 25 - Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is...Ch. 25 - Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________....Ch. 25 - Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax...Ch. 25 - Which pan of the urinaiy system is not completely...Ch. 25 - The renal pyramids are separated from each other...Ch. 25 - The primary structure found within the medulla is...Ch. 25 - The right kidney is slightly lower because...Ch. 25 - Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the...
Ch. 25 - What are the names of the capillaries following...Ch. 25 - The functional unit of the kidney is called...Ch. 25 - ________ pressure must be greater on the capillary...Ch. 25 - Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the...Ch. 25 - Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that...Ch. 25 - Aquaporin channels are only found in the...Ch. 25 - Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part...Ch. 25 - The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal...Ch. 25 - Vasodilation of blood vessels to the kidneys is...Ch. 25 - When blood pressure increases, blood vessels...Ch. 25 - Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause...Ch. 25 - What hormone directly opposes the actions of...Ch. 25 - Which of these is a vasoconstrictor? nitric oxide...Ch. 25 - What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial...Ch. 25 - Which of these beverages does not have a diuretic...Ch. 25 - Progesterone can bind to receptors for which...Ch. 25 - Renin is released in response to ________....Ch. 25 - Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney...Ch. 25 - Which hormone does the kidney produce that...Ch. 25 - If there were no aquaporin channels in the...Ch. 25 - What is suggested by the presence of white blood...Ch. 25 - Both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus...Ch. 25 - Why are females more likely to contract bladder...Ch. 25 - Describe how forceful urination is accomplished.Ch. 25 - What anatomical structures provide protection to...Ch. 25 - How does the renal poital system differ from the...Ch. 25 - Name the structures found in the renal hilum.Ch. 25 - Which structures make up the renal corpuscle?Ch. 25 - What are the major structures comprising the...Ch. 25 - Give the formula for net filtration pressure.Ch. 25 - Name at least five symptoms of kidney failure.Ch. 25 - Which vessels and what pail of the nephron are...Ch. 25 - Give the approximate osmolarity of fluid in the...Ch. 25 - Explain what happens to Na+ concentration in the...Ch. 25 - If you want the kidney to excrete more Na+ in the...Ch. 25 - What organs produce which hormones or enzymes in...Ch. 25 - PTH affects absorption and reabsorption of what?Ch. 25 - Why is ADH also called vasopressin?Ch. 25 - How can glucose be a diuretic?Ch. 25 - How does lack of protein in the blood cause edema?Ch. 25 - Which three electrolytes are most closely...
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- 3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 པར『ན་ cm 30 Species B 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 cm 10 Species C 0/4, 0/0,3/3, 3/3 020arrow_forward3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 cm 30 Species B 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3 cm 10 Species C 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 E 0 cm 20 AILarrow_forwardNormal dive (for diving humans) normal breathing dive normal breathing Oz level CO₂ level urgent need to breathe Oz blackout zone high CO₂ triggers breathing 6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in diving humans. • How might the location and slope of the O2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • How might the location and slope of the CO2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • • Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above. How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line differ for diving marine mammals? What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?arrow_forward
- How much ATP will be produced during the following metabolic scenario: Aerobic respiration of a 5mM lipid solution that is made up of one glycerol and an 8-carbon fatty acid and 12-carbon fatty acid. Recall that when glycerol breaks down to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate it costs one ATP but your get an extra FADH2. Every two carbons of a fatty acid break down to one acetyl-CoA. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.arrow_forwardIf a bacterium using aerobic respiration was to degrade one small protein molecule into 8 molecules of pyruvic acid, how many ATP would that cell make? Assume there is no other carbon source. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in molecules of ATP.arrow_forwardIf a bacterium using aerobic respiration was to degrade a 30 mM solution of citric acid, how many ATP would that cell make? Assume no other carbon source is available. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.arrow_forward
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