Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated. Concept introduction: The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH 2 , and NADH are produced in this reaction. The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA. The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.26EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

11 Organic Chemistry Organic Nomenclature Practice Name/Functional Group n-butane Formula Structural Formula (1) C4tt10 H3C C- (2) CH3CH2CH2 CH 3 H₂ -CH3 Н2 name & functional group (1) and (2) OH H₁₂C Н2 name only (1) and (2) name only (1) and (2) H₁C - = - CH₂ Н2 HC=C-C CH3

Under aqueous basic conditions, nitriles will react to form a neutral organic intermediate 1 that has an N atom in it first, and then they will continue to react to form the final product 2: NC H₂O он- H₂O 1 2 OH Draw the missing intermediate 1 and the final product 2 in the box below. You can draw the two structures in any arrangement you like. Click and drag to start drawing a structure.

Assign these COSY Spectrum

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.26EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.26EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.26EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 25.26EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 25.26EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 25.26EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 14

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 17

Ch. 25.1 - Which of the following statements about digestion...Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 25.1 - The major function of bile released during...Ch. 25.1 - The two major products of triacylglycerol...Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 5QQ Ch. 25.2 - Hormone-sensitive lipase needed for...Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 25.2 - Which of the following is not a product of...Ch. 25.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 25.3 - What is the intermediate compound in the two-step...

Solution Summary: The author explains that acyl CoA is a product in the mitochondrial matrix, and the carnitine shuttle system associated with the -oxidation process.

Concept explainers

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 25 Solutions