General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781285853918
Author: H. Stephen Stoker
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that produce ATP.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP , additional homework tip  1

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life and provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. It is converted either to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) after the consumption in the metabolic processes.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 24.17EP

In glycolysis, two steps produce ATP.

Explanation of Solution

In step 7 and step 10, two ATP molecules are produced in each step. Hence, in the glycolysis pathway, four ATP molecules are produced is two steps.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that involve phosphorylation.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP , additional homework tip  2

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group (PO32) is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 24.17EP

Phosphorylation is involved in five steps.

Explanation of Solution

The first step in the glycolysis process is the phosphorylation of glucose using ATP. Glucose is converted to glucose 6phosphate. The phosphoryl group (PO32) is transferred from ATP to glucose.  The hexokinase enzyme catalyzes this reaction. The word equation for the phosphorylation reaction is as follows:

Glucose+ATPHexokinaseGlucose 6phosphate+ADP

In the third step, fructose 6phosphate is converted to fructose 1,6biphosphate by phosphofructokinase enzymes. The type of reaction is phosphorylation. The phosphoryl group (PO32) is transferred from ATP to fructose 6phosphate. The word equation for the phosphorylation reaction is as follows:

Fructose 6phosphate+ATPphosphofructokinaseFructose 1,6biphosphate+ADP

In step 6, glyceraldehyde 3phosphate is oxidized by using NAD+ and phosphorylated using Pi. Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate is converted to 1,3biphosphoglycerate. Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes are involved in this reaction. The reaction is as follows:

Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate+NAD++PiGlyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase1,3Biphosphoglycerate+NADH+H+

Therefore, step 6 proceeds through the oxidation and phosphorylation reaction using Pi.

The seventh step in the glycolysis process is the phosphorylation of 1,3Biphosphoglycerate using ADP. In step 7,1,3biphosphoglycerate is converted to 3phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerokinase. The chemical reaction is as follows:

1,3Biphosphoglycerate+ADPPhosphoglycerokinase3phosphoglycerate+ATP

Step 10 is the final step of the glycolysis process. In step 10, phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate using ADP, thus, ADP is converted to ATP. Pyruvate kinase enzymes are involved in this reaction. The type of reaction is phosphorylation. The word equation for the phosphorylation reaction is as follows:

Phosphoenolpyruvate+ADPPyruvate kinasePyruvate+ADP

Therefore, step 1, step 2, step 6, step 7 and step 10 involved the phosphorylation reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that involve NAD+ as a reactant.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP , additional homework tip  3

A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 24.17EP

One step involves NAD+ as a reactant.

Explanation of Solution

In step 6, glyceraldehyde 3phosphate is oxidized by using NAD+ and phosphorylated using Pi. Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes are involved in this reaction. The reaction is as follows:

Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate+NAD++PiGlyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase1,3Biphosphoglycerate+NADH+H+

Therefore, NAD+ is encountered as a reactant in step 6.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that involve a compound with a high-energy bond as a reactant.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP , additional homework tip  4

A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.

High energy compounds are those compounds that release a large amount of energy upon hydrolysis. These compounds consist of highly strained bonds that are responsible for the release of a high amount of energy. The compounds containing a phosphate group are examples of high energy compounds.

A high-energy phosphate group is formed when a phosphate group is attached to a carbon atom participating in carbon-oxygen or carbon-carbon double bond.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 24.17EP

Two steps involve a compound with a high-energy bond as a reactant.

Explanation of Solution

The seventh step in the glycolysis process is the phosphorylation of 1,3Biphosphoglycerate using ADP. 1,3Biphosphoglycerate is a high-energy compound because the phosphate group is attached to that carbon atom which is involved in C=O bond. In step 7,1,3biphosphoglycerate is converted to 3phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerokinase. The chemical reaction is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP , additional homework tip  5

Here, General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP , additional homework tip  6 denotes the PO32 unit. Therefore, in step 7, a high-energy bond is encountered as a reactant.

In step 10, phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate using ADP, thus, ADP is converted to ATP. Pyruvate kinase enzymes are involved in this reaction. Phosphoenolpyruvate is a compound with a high-energy phosphate group because the phosphate group is attached to that carbon atom which is involved in carbon-carbon double bond. The chemical reaction is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 24, Problem 24.17EP , additional homework tip  7

Therefore, in step 10, a high-energy bond is encountered as a reactant.

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Chapter 24 Solutions

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 6QQCh. 24.2 - Prob. 7QQCh. 24.3 - Prob. 1QQCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2QQCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3QQCh. 24.3 - Prob. 4QQCh. 24.3 - Accumulation of which of the following substances...Ch. 24.4 - Prob. 1QQCh. 24.4 - The net yield of ATP for the complete oxidation of...Ch. 24.4 - Prob. 3QQCh. 24.5 - Prob. 1QQCh. 24.5 - Prob. 2QQCh. 24.5 - Prob. 3QQCh. 24.6 - Prob. 1QQCh. 24.6 - Prob. 2QQCh. 24.6 - Prob. 3QQCh. 24.6 - Which of the following statements about ATP...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 5QQCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1QQCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2QQCh. 24.8 - Prob. 1QQCh. 24.8 - Prob. 2QQCh. 24.8 - Prob. 3QQCh. 24.9 - Which of the following hormones promotes the...Ch. 24.9 - Which of the following pairs of hormones increases...Ch. 24.10 - Prob. 1QQCh. 24.10 - Prob. 2QQCh. 24.10 - Prob. 3QQCh. 24 - Where does carbohydrate digestion begin in the...Ch. 24 - Very little digestion of carbohydrates occurs in...Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.3EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.4EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.5EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.6EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.7EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.8EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.9EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.10EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.11EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.12EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.13EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.14EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.15EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.16EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.17EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.18EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.19EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.20EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.21EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.22EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.23EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.24EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.25EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.26EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.27EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.28EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.29EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.30EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.31EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.32EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.33EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.34EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.35EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.36EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.37EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.38EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.39EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.40EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.41EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.42EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.43EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.44EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.45EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.46EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.47EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.48EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.49EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.50EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.51EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.52EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.53EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.54EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.55EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.56EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.57EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.58EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.59EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.60EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.61EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.62EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.63EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.64EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.65EPCh. 24 - The liver, but not the brain or muscle cells, has...Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.67EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.68EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.69EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.70EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.71EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.72EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.73EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.74EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.75EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.76EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.77EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.78EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.79EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.80EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.81EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.82EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.83EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.84EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.85EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.86EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.87EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.88EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.89EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.90EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.91EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.92EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.93EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.94EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.95EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.96EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.97EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.98EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.99EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.100EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.101EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.102EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.103EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.104EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.105EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.106EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.107EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.108EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.109EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.110EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.111EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.112EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.113EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.114EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.115EPCh. 24 - Compare the biological functions of glucagon and...Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.117EPCh. 24 - Prob. 24.118EP
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