Chapter 23.8, Problem 23.12P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Conversion of toluene to 3-hydroxybenzoic acid has to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitration: In nitration reaction, one nitro group $\left(-N{O}_2\right)$ is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Conversion of aromatic amines to phenol:

Aromatic amines converted to arenediazonium salt by reacting with $NaN{O}_2$ in presence of aqueous sulfuric acid which further on heating with water forms a phenol.

Reduction: If electrons are gained to a species or hydrogen atoms are added to a species or oxygen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction. In a reaction, $LiAl{H}_4$ (Lithium aluminium hydride) is used as a reducing agent.