The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified. Concept Introduction: Amide: One − N H 2 , − N H R ' or − N R ' 2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as R C O N R ' 2 . Amines are the derivatives of ammonia ( N H 3 ) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group. Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form. Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R 1 R 2 C ( O H ) O R where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R 1 and R 2 can be hydrogen or carbon Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one − O H group. It is represented as R O H .

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amide: One −NH2, −NHR' or −NR'2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCONR'2.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R1R2C(OH)OR where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R¹ and R² can be hydrogen or carbon

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one −OH group. It is represented as ROH.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of chiral centers are present in desosamine has to be determined. Number of possible stereoisomers for desosamine and the number of enantiomers possible has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

Number of possible stereoisomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2nwhere,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Number of possible enantiomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1 (when n is even)No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1− 2n/2 −1 (when n is odd)where,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

More stable alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be identified and explained.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

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22.22 For each compound, indicate which group on the ring is more strongly activating and then draw a structural formula of the major product formed by nitration of the compound. Br CHO (a) CH3 (b) (c) CHO CH3 SO₂H (d) ☑ OCHS NO₂ (e) (f) CO₂H NHCOCH3 NHCOCH, (h) CHS 22.23 The following molecules each contain two aromatic rings. (b) 000-100- H3C (a) (c) Which ring in each undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution more readily? Draw the major product formed on nitration.

V Consider this step in a radical reaction: Br: ? What type of step is this? Check all that apply. Draw the products of the step on the right-hand side of the drawing area below. If more than one set of products is possible, draw any set. Also, draw the mechanism arrows on the left-hand side of the drawing area to show how this happens. ⚫ionization termination initialization neutralization none of the abc Explanation Check 80 Ο F3 F1 F2 2 F4 01 % do5 $ 94 #3 X 5 C MacBook Air 25 F5 F6 66 ©2025 ˇ F7 29 & 7 8

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amide: One −NH2, −NHR' or −NR'2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCONR'2.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R1R2C(OH)OR where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R¹ and R² can be hydrogen or carbon

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one −OH group. It is represented as ROH.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of chiral centers are present in desosamine has to be determined. Number of possible stereoisomers for desosamine and the number of enantiomers possible has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

Number of possible stereoisomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2nwhere,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Number of possible enantiomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1 (when n is even)No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1− 2n/2 −1 (when n is odd)where,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

More stable alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be identified and explained.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amide: One −NH2, −NHR' or −NR'2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCONR'2.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R1R2C(OH)OR where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R¹ and R² can be hydrogen or carbon

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one −OH group. It is represented as ROH.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of chiral centers are present in desosamine has to be determined. Number of possible stereoisomers for desosamine and the number of enantiomers possible has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

Number of possible stereoisomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2nwhere,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Number of possible enantiomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1 (when n is even)No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1− 2n/2 −1 (when n is odd)where,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

More stable alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be identified and explained.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amide: One −NH2, −NHR' or −NR'2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCONR'2.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R1R2C(OH)OR where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R¹ and R² can be hydrogen or carbon

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one −OH group. It is represented as ROH.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of chiral centers are present in desosamine has to be determined. Number of possible stereoisomers for desosamine and the number of enantiomers possible has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

Number of possible stereoisomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2nwhere,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Number of possible enantiomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1 (when n is even)No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1− 2n/2 −1 (when n is odd)where,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

More stable alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be identified and explained.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amide: One −NH2, −NHR' or −NR'2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCONR'2.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R1R2C(OH)OR where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R¹ and R² can be hydrogen or carbon

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one −OH group. It is represented as ROH.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of chiral centers are present in desosamine has to be determined. Number of possible stereoisomers for desosamine and the number of enantiomers possible has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

Number of possible stereoisomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2nwhere,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Number of possible enantiomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1 (when n is even)No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1− 2n/2 −1 (when n is odd)where,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

More stable alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be identified and explained.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amide: One −NH2, −NHR' or −NR'2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCONR'2.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R1R2C(OH)OR where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R¹ and R² can be hydrogen or carbon

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one −OH group. It is represented as ROH.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in desosamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amide: One −NH2, −NHR' or −NR'2 group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCONR'2.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Hemiacetal is an organic compound with a general formula R1R2C(OH)OR where R must be always an alkyl group whereas R¹ and R² can be hydrogen or carbon

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one −OH group. It is represented as ROH.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of chiral centers are present in desosamine has to be determined. Number of possible stereoisomers for desosamine and the number of enantiomers possible has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

Number of possible stereoisomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2nwhere,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Number of possible enantiomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1 (when n is even)No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1− 2n/2 −1 (when n is odd)where,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of chiral centers are present in desosamine has to be determined. Number of possible stereoisomers for desosamine and the number of enantiomers possible has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

Number of possible stereoisomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2nwhere,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Number of possible enantiomers for a compound can be determined as,

No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1 (when n is even)No of possible stereoisomers = 2n −1− 2n/2 −1 (when n is odd)where,n = no. of chiral atoms in the compound

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

Answer 12

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

More stable alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be identified and explained.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

Answer 13

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

More stable alternative chair conformations for desosamine have to be identified and explained.

Concept Introduction:

Drawing Axial and Equatorial substituents:

Each carbon in cyclohexane can bear two substituents. One group is said to occupy an axial position, which is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring. The other group is said to occupy an equatorial position, which is positioned approximately along the equator of the ring.

Answer 14

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Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 23.1P Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 23.2P Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 23.3P Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 23.4P Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 23.5P Ch. 23.5 - Prob. AQ Ch. 23.5 - What is the hybridization of the nitrogen in...Ch. 23.5 - Prob. CQ Ch. 23.5 - The pKas of the conjugate acids of aniline and...Ch. 23.5 - Prob. EQ

Solution Summary: The author explains the functional groups present in desosamine. Amides are the derivatives of ammonia with one or more hydrogens replaced with a substituent.

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Chapter 23 Solutions