(a) Interpretation: Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined. Concept Introduction: The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle. In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.50P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered oxidation or reduction reactions despite the fact that the number of C-H and C-O bond changes need to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

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d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship between k' and N. Plate Count (N) 4000 3500 2500 2000 1500 1000 Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22 nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000 Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS (30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles, except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm, column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C, and injection volume 0.5 μL Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene) FMS 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ; 500 0 5 10…

f. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7 would change if the temperature were raised from 40 °C to 55 °C. Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red; nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6 mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion. Reduced Plate Height (h) ° 20 40 60 Reduced Velocity (v) 8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are obtained: Ppb benzene Peak area benzene Peak area toluene 10.0 252 376 Sample 533 368 What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.50P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered oxidation or reduction reactions despite the fact that the number of C-H and C-O bond changes need to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.50P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered oxidation or reduction reactions despite the fact that the number of C-H and C-O bond changes need to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.50P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered oxidation or reduction reactions despite the fact that the number of C-H and C-O bond changes need to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.50P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered oxidation or reduction reactions despite the fact that the number of C-H and C-O bond changes need to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.50P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.50P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered oxidation or reduction reactions despite the fact that the number of C-H and C-O bond changes need to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered oxidation or reduction reactions despite the fact that the number of C-H and C-O bond changes need to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 23.1P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.2P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.3P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.4P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.5P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.6P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.7P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.8P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.9P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the citric acid cycle, which consists of enzyme catalyzed reactions occurring in mitochondria.

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