(a) Interpretation: The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined. Concept Introduction: Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

julietteyep@gmail.com X YSCU Grades for Juliette L Turner: Orc X 199 A ALEKS - Juliette Turner - Modul X A ALEKS - Juliette Turner - Modul x G butane newman projection - Gox + www-awa.aleks.com/alekscgi/x/Isl.exe/10_u-IgNslkr7j8P3jH-IBxzaplnN4HsoQggFsejpgqKoyrQrB2dKVAN-BcZvcye0LYa6eXZ8d4vVr8Nc1GZqko5mtw-d1MkNcNzzwZsLf2Tu9_V817y?10Bw7QYjlb il Scribbr citation APA SCU email Student Portal | Main Ryker-Learning WCU-PHARM D MySCU YSCU Canvas- SCU Module 4: Homework (Ch 9-10) Question 28 of 30 (1 point) | Question Attempt: 1 of Unlimited H₂SO heat OH The mechanism of this reaction involves two carbocation intermediates, A and B. Part 1 of 2 KHSO 4 rearrangement A heat B H₂O 2 OH Draw the structure of A. Check Search #t m Save For Later Juliet Submit Assignm 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Access

The electrons flow from the electron-rich atoms of the nucleophile to the electrons poor atoms of the alkyl halide. Identify the electron rich in the nucleophile. Enter the element symbol only, do not include any changes.

Hello, I am doing a court case analysis in my Analytical Chemistry course. The case is about a dog napping and my role is prosecution of the defendant. I am tasked in the Area of Expertise in Neutron Activation and Isotopic Analysis. Attached is the following case study reading of my area of expertise! The landscaping stone was not particularly distinctive in its decoration but matched both the color and pattern of the Fluential’s landscaping stone as well as the stone in the back of the recovered vehicle. Further analysis of the stone was done using a technique called instrumental neutron activation analysis. (Proceed to Neutron Activation data) Photo Notes: Landscaping stone recovered in vehicle. Stone at Fluential’s home is similar inappearance. Finally, the white paint on the brick was analyzed using stable isotope analysis. The brick recovered at the scene had smeared white paint on it. A couple of pieces of brick in the back of the car had white paint on them. They…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Answer 20

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Answer 21

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Answer 27

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Answer 28

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Answer 34

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 35

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].