(a) Interpretation: The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined. Concept Introduction: Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein with chymotrypsin is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which cleave of a protein having chymotrypsin is 1.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes. This then aids to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The cleavage of a protein with the enzyme chymotrypsin occurs in the stage (1) because stage (1) corresponds to the process of digestion. In the process of digestion, large proteins get converted to small components or molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which fatty acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA is 2.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion. Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups. This then binds to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy. This is then stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As shown in the stages, the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl CoA occurs in the stage [2] as fatty acids converted acetyl groups and are bonded to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

Hence, the correct answer is stage [2].

Answer 20

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Answer 21

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism has the tendency to release energy so as to supply it to the body by breaking the large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via the number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism of food which is eaten by human beings starts with the digestion process, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA. It then goes through the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy in the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺ is 3.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

The oxidation of malate to form oxaloacetate occurs in the stage [3] of the catabolism since in the citric acid cycle, the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate with NAD⁺. Hence, the correct answer is stage [3].

Answer 27

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Answer 28

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase is 4.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

Next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given, ADP is converted to ATP in the presence of ATP synthase in the stage [4] of the catabolism as the oxygen can combine with hydrogen ions and the electrons that are released from the reduced coenzymes resulting in the formation of water and energy is released and gets stored in the ATP molecules. Hence, the correct answer is stage [4].

Answer 34

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].

Answer 35

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Catabolism is the process of releasing energy so as to supply it to the body through the breaking of large molecules into smaller ones and it proceeds via a number of catabolic pathways. Catabolism starts with the digestion of food, then is passed through the formation of acetyl CoA, then the citric acid cycle and then gets ended with the release of energy through the electron transport chain as well as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 23.21P

The stage of the catabolism in which starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase is 1.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Explanation of Solution

The first stage in the catabolism is the digestion − Catabolism of the food starts with the digestion that is catalyzed by certain enzymes. Digestion is the process where larger food molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids get converted to amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acid respectively.

The second stage is the formation of acetyl CoA where the monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids are further degraded to form acetyl groups which then bond to coenzyme A and result in the production of acetyl CoA.

The third stage is the citric acid cycle where acetyl CoA gets oxidized to form carbon dioxide in the mitochondria of the cell. Some of the energy which is produced by this process gets stored in the bonds of nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes.

The next stage is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation where the oxygen gets combined with the hydrogen ions and electrons from the reduced coenzymes so as to produce water and energy which is stored in the ATP molecules present in the mitochondria of the cell.

As given starch is hydrolyzed to glucose with amylase, in the stage [1] of the catabolism since carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides by the process of digestion. Hence, the correct answer is stage [1].