
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.
Concept Introduction:
During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO2.
(b)
Interpretation:
The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.
Concept Introduction:
During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO2.
(c)
Interpretation:
The step in which NAD+ is necessary needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.
(d)
Interpretation:
The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

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Chapter 23 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, & BIOLOGICAL CHEM
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- What does the phrase 'fit for purpose' mean in relation to analytical chemistry? Please provide examples too.arrow_forwardFor each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density × NO2 ○ donating O donating O withdrawing O withdrawing O electron-rich electron-deficient no inductive effects O no resonance effects O similar to benzene E [ CI O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Explanation Check ○ donating withdrawing no resonance effects electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center Accesarrow_forwardUnderstanding how substituents activate Rank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation HN NH2 Check X (Choose one) (Choose one) (Choose one) (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center Aarrow_forward
- Identifying electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effects on benzene For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Inductive Effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density Molecule CF3 O donating O donating O withdrawing O withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene CH3 O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects O donating O withdrawing Ono resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Explanation Check Х © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forward* Hint: Think back to Chem 1 solubility rules. Follow Up Questions for Part B 12. What impact do the following disturbances to a system at equilibrium have on k, the rate constant for the forward reaction? Explain. (4 pts) a) Changing the concentration of a reactant or product. (2 pts) b) Changing the temperature of an exothermic reaction. (2 pts) ofarrow_forwardDraw TWO general chemical equation to prepare Symmetrical and non-Symmetrical ethers Draw 1 chemical reaction of an etherarrow_forward
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