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(a)
Interpretation:
In which conditions the glycolysis occurs has to be identified from the given set of options.
Concept Introduction:
Glycolysis: This is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and anaerobic
(b)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that, in which conditions the hydrolysis of free glycolysis undergoes.
Concept Introduction:
Glycolysis: This is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, in glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate. Glucose is a six-membered ring molecule found in the blood and is usually a result of the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. It enters cells though specific transporter proteins that move it from outside the cell into the cell cytosol.
(c)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that, in which conditions the pentose phosphate pathway undergoes.
Concept Introduction:
Pentose phosphate pathway: The biochemical pathway that produce ribose NADPH and other sugar phosphates from glucose an alternative to glycolysis.
Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.
(d)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that, in which conditions the glycogenesis pathway undergoes.
Concept Introduction:
Glycogenolysis: The biochemical pathway for breakdown of glycogen to free glucose.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- 13. What is the IUPAC name of this compound? A) 5-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid B) 3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid C) 3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,5-pentanediol D) 1,5-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylpentanal E) 4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid HO OHarrow_forwardHelp me understand how carbon disulfide leads to toxicity in the brain, using terms like distal axonopathy, neurofilaments, covalent cross-linking, adducts, etc.,...please intuitively explain what is happening and where and the effects of it. For example, I know that CS2 reacts with amide and sulfhydryl groups on proteins, but what proteins exactly and where are they located?arrow_forwardWhat is the standard free energy change (in kJ/mole) of the spontaneous reaction between Oxygen and NADH to form H2O2 and NAD+?arrow_forward
- Redox Chemistry: Give standard free energy changes expected for the following reactions:-Succinate -> fumarate (using FAD/FADH2)-Oxaloacetate -> Malate (using NAD/NADH)-NADH --> NAD+ (using FMN/FMNH2)-CoQ --> CoQH2 (using Cytochrome C)arrow_forwardGive examples of balanced redox reactions that match the following:-Catabolic-Anabolic-Oxidative-Reductivearrow_forwardIf there are 20uM of a GLUT2 transporter on the surface of a cell, each able to move 8 per second, and 50mM glucose outside of the cell, what is the flux into the cell in mM/sec?arrow_forward
- A transporter is responsible for antiporting calcium and glucose. The transporter brings glucose into the cell and sends calcium out of the cell. If blood [calcium] = 2.55mM and intracellular [calcium] = 7uM, blood [glucose] = 5.2mM, and intracellular [glucose] = 40uM, what is the free energy of transport? Assume a membrane potential of 62mV (negative inside).arrow_forwardAn ATP-coupled transporter is used to import 1 phosphate from the extracellular environment. Intracellular phosphate exists at 65mM, while it is 2mM outside.Assume a free energy change of ATP hydrolysis of -42.7 kJ/mol. What is the net free energy change of the coupled reaction? Assume a membrane potential of 70mV.arrow_forwardAnother transporter brings 3 chloride ions into the cell. Outside, chloride has a concentration of 107mM, and 4mM inside the cell. Assuming a membrane potential of 62mV (negative inside), what is the free energy of transport of these ions?arrow_forward
- For the Oxaloacetate -> Malate reaction, assume the normal ratio of NAD/NADH, what is the maximum ratio of Malate/Oxaloacetate that will allow reaction progress?arrow_forwardA particular particle is trying to cross a membrane by simple diffusion from a high concentration of 20mM to a low concentration of 20uM. If a membrane is 15uM in width, and the diffusion coefficient of the particle is 5 uM/sec, what is the influx in uM/sec?arrow_forwardMechanisms: 1. Give a full arrow-pushing mechanism for the hydrolysis of the gamma phosphate of ATP by an ATPase. 2. Give a full arrow pushing mechanism of the spontaneous redox reaction between NAD+/NADH and oxaloacetate/malate.arrow_forward
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