Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group. Concept Introduction: Activating and deactivating groups: The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups. Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen. Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -N(CH3)2 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -NHC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

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a. The change in the Gibbs energy of a certain constant pressure process is found to fit the expression: AG-85.1 J mol −1 +36.5 J mol ¹K-1 × T A. Calculate the value of AS for the process. B. Next, use the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation: (a(AG/T)) ΔΗ - T2 to calculate the value of AH for the process.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -N(CH3)2 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -NHC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -N(CH3)2 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -NHC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -N(CH3)2 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -NHC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 22.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -N(CH3)2 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -NHC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 22.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 22.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OH group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -OC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -N(CH3)2 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -N(CH3)2 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -NHC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing -NHC(O)CH3 group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.1P Ch. 22.1 - Write a structural formula for the product from...Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.3P Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.4P Ch. 22.2 - Predict the major produce(s) of each electrophilic...Ch. 22.3 - In SN2 reactions of haloalkanes, the order of...Ch. 22 - Prob. 22.8P Ch. 22 - Prob. 22.9P Ch. 22 - Addition of m-xylene to the strongly acidic...Ch. 22 - Addition of tert-butylbenzene to the strongly...

Solution Summary: The author explains the effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution by activating or deactivating groups.

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Chapter 22 Solutions