Human Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780805382952
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21.4, Problem 5QC
Summary Introduction
To review:
The ventilation/perfusion ratio and the two mechanism that keeps the ratio close to 1.
Introduction:
There are various factors that affect the efficacy of the pulmonary gas exchange. The factors are the surface area of the respiratory membrane, the thickness of the respiratory membrane, and ventilation-perfusion matching. This mechanism occurs in the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Given the following values:
ERV=1700mL
ERV+TAV= 2200 mL
VC= 3000 mL
1) Calculate TAV and IRV.
2) If they have a breathing rate of 14 breaths/min, what is their minute ventilation?
3) If they have the normal dead space ventilation of 150 mL, what is their alveolar ventilation? (show dead space volume as part of the calculation).
4) If they start exercising and increase their breath volume to 1600 mL with 25 breaths per minute, what is their alveolar ventilation now?
A decrease in arterial PO2 to 60mmHg will result in which of the following?
a) Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors only and an increase in ventilation
O b) Stimulation of central chemoreceptors only and a decrease in ventilation
O ) Stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors and an increase in
ventilation
d) Stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors and a decrease in
ventilation
What is the driving force for pulmonary ventilation?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 21.1 - What are the main structures of the respiratory...Ch. 21.1 - 2. Is the larynx part of the upper or lower...Ch. 21.1 - Where are alveoli? What is their basic function?Ch. 21.1 - 4. List and define the four processes that make...Ch. 21.1 - 5. How does the respiratory system contribute to...Ch. 21.1 - List and describe four functions of the...Ch. 21.2 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21.2 - 2. Describe the external and internal structure...Ch. 21.2 - What happens to the glottis and the pitch of the...Ch. 21.2 - 4. What is the function of the tracheal mucosa?
Ch. 21.2 - How does the epithelium of the bronchial tree...Ch. 21.2 - Trace the pathway from the primary bronchi to the...Ch. 21.2 - 7. What structures make up the respiratory...Ch. 21.2 - Explain the structure of the pleural cavities.Ch. 21.3 - 3. What drives the movement of gases during...Ch. 21.3 - What does the intrapleural pressure prevent under...Ch. 21.3 - 5. How are inspiration and expiration achieved?
Ch. 21.3 - 6. What is airway resistance? What is the main...Ch. 21.3 - How does surfactant decrease surface tension?Ch. 21.3 - What drives the movement of gases?Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 7QCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 8QCCh. 21.4 - 1. How does the pressure gradient between two gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2QCCh. 21.4 - 3. What takes place during pulmonary gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 4QCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.4 - What are three factors that influence the...Ch. 21.5 - How is the majority of oxygen transported through...Ch. 21.5 - How do temperature, pH, PCO2, and BPG affect Hbs...Ch. 21.5 - 3. Why is the S shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin...Ch. 21.5 - What are the three ways in which the body...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 6QCCh. 21.6 - 1. Which steps of respiration rely on partial...Ch. 21.7 - 1. Which collection of neurons generates the...Ch. 21.7 - What are the functions of the dorsal and ventral...Ch. 21.7 - 3. Where are the central chemoreceptors located?...Ch. 21.7 - What do the central chemoreceptors trigger if...Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.8 - 1. What are the differences between obstructive...Ch. 21.8 - 2. What are the three subtypes of COPD? What is...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 3QCCh. 21 - Which of the following are functions of the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2CYRCh. 21 - 3. Mark the following statements as true or false....Ch. 21 - Prob. 4CYRCh. 21 - 5. Fill in the blanks: The structures that vibrate...Ch. 21 - Prob. 6CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 7CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 8CYRCh. 21 - Match each term with the correct definition....Ch. 21 - Prob. 10CYRCh. 21 - Which of the following does not affect the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 12CYRCh. 21 - Fill in the blanks: When the alveolar PO2...Ch. 21 - Prob. 14CYRCh. 21 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21 - 16. Fill in the blanks: Hyperventilation causes...Ch. 21 - The basic rhythm for breathing is maintained by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 18CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 19CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 20CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 4CYUCh. 21 - 1. When a person hyperventilates, what happens to...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 3AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 4AYKACh. 21 - 5. Mrs. Jordan is brought to the emergency room by...Ch. 21 - What happens to the metabolic rate of skeletal...
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- How does hemoglobin help maintain the oxygen partial pressure gradient during gas transport in the body?arrow_forwardWhat are some advantages of gas exchange in air over gas exchange in water?arrow_forwardHow do nerve impulses from the brain regulate ventilation of the lungs? How are the rate and depth of breathing controlled?arrow_forward
- What is respiratory rate and how is it controlled?arrow_forwardWhat is the precise mechanism responsible for increased alveolar ventilation during exercise?arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between tidal volume and vital capacity?What does each measurement indicate about lung function?arrow_forward
- what is the pressure gradient that moves oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries? 46-40mmHg, 95-40mmHg, or 104-40mmHg.arrow_forwardGiven the following values: ERV=1700mL ERV + TAV= 2200 mL VC= 3000 mL 1) TAV ( TV)= tidal volume= 500ml IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)= 800ml 2) If they have a breathing rate of 14 breaths/min, what is their minute ventilation? 3) If they have the normal dead space ventilation of 150 mL, what is their alveolar ventilation? (show dead space volume as part of the calculation). 4) If they start exercising and increase their breath volume to 1600 mL with 25 breaths per minute, what is their alveolar ventilation now?arrow_forwardWhat are the mechanisms that affect ventilation at a high altitude? Why the change in ventilation is beneficial and how it can also be detrimental. What other factors operate at a high altitude to improve the oxygen delivery to the tissues?arrow_forward
- 20 The graph shows the pressure-volume relationship of the lung (solid curve) and the chest wall (dashed curve). Which of the following letters indicates functional residual capacity? A) B) 100 80 60- U 40 20-A Volume (% of total lung capacity) D C) F G E -30-20-10 O 10 Pressure (cm H₂O) D) RV 20 30 40 E) F) G)arrow_forwardDraw and label the following graphs: a) Graph the effect of ventilation on arterial PCO2. b) Graph the effect of ventilation on arterial PO2. c) Graph the changes in PO2 in the trachea during one respiratory cycle. The Y-axis should include accurate numerical values.arrow_forwardWhat are the effects of pulmonary capillary infusion and alveolar ventilation in the exchange of gases?arrow_forward
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