Human Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780805382952
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21, Problem 19CYR
Summary Introduction
To review:
The blank space in the given statement “The main central factors to which the central chemo receptors of the medulla respond to is/are________, whereas the main chemical factor to which the peripheral chemo receptors respond is __________.”
Introduction:
The central chemo receptors are useful for regulating the respiratory functions in the body and are located near the medulla and are connected to CN9 and CN10 of the cranial nerves.
On the other hand, peripheral chemo receptors can be called as extensions of the nervous systems, located across the other parts of the body. They react to the changes in blood and changes in the oxygen levels in the blood.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 21.1 - What are the main structures of the respiratory...Ch. 21.1 - 2. Is the larynx part of the upper or lower...Ch. 21.1 - Where are alveoli? What is their basic function?Ch. 21.1 - 4. List and define the four processes that make...Ch. 21.1 - 5. How does the respiratory system contribute to...Ch. 21.1 - List and describe four functions of the...Ch. 21.2 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21.2 - 2. Describe the external and internal structure...Ch. 21.2 - What happens to the glottis and the pitch of the...Ch. 21.2 - 4. What is the function of the tracheal mucosa?
Ch. 21.2 - How does the epithelium of the bronchial tree...Ch. 21.2 - Trace the pathway from the primary bronchi to the...Ch. 21.2 - 7. What structures make up the respiratory...Ch. 21.2 - Explain the structure of the pleural cavities.Ch. 21.3 - 3. What drives the movement of gases during...Ch. 21.3 - What does the intrapleural pressure prevent under...Ch. 21.3 - 5. How are inspiration and expiration achieved?
Ch. 21.3 - 6. What is airway resistance? What is the main...Ch. 21.3 - How does surfactant decrease surface tension?Ch. 21.3 - What drives the movement of gases?Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 7QCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 8QCCh. 21.4 - 1. How does the pressure gradient between two gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2QCCh. 21.4 - 3. What takes place during pulmonary gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 4QCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.4 - What are three factors that influence the...Ch. 21.5 - How is the majority of oxygen transported through...Ch. 21.5 - How do temperature, pH, PCO2, and BPG affect Hbs...Ch. 21.5 - 3. Why is the S shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin...Ch. 21.5 - What are the three ways in which the body...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 6QCCh. 21.6 - 1. Which steps of respiration rely on partial...Ch. 21.7 - 1. Which collection of neurons generates the...Ch. 21.7 - What are the functions of the dorsal and ventral...Ch. 21.7 - 3. Where are the central chemoreceptors located?...Ch. 21.7 - What do the central chemoreceptors trigger if...Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.8 - 1. What are the differences between obstructive...Ch. 21.8 - 2. What are the three subtypes of COPD? What is...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 3QCCh. 21 - Which of the following are functions of the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2CYRCh. 21 - 3. Mark the following statements as true or false....Ch. 21 - Prob. 4CYRCh. 21 - 5. Fill in the blanks: The structures that vibrate...Ch. 21 - Prob. 6CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 7CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 8CYRCh. 21 - Match each term with the correct definition....Ch. 21 - Prob. 10CYRCh. 21 - Which of the following does not affect the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 12CYRCh. 21 - Fill in the blanks: When the alveolar PO2...Ch. 21 - Prob. 14CYRCh. 21 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21 - 16. Fill in the blanks: Hyperventilation causes...Ch. 21 - The basic rhythm for breathing is maintained by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 18CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 19CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 20CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 4CYUCh. 21 - 1. When a person hyperventilates, what happens to...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 3AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 4AYKACh. 21 - 5. Mrs. Jordan is brought to the emergency room by...Ch. 21 - What happens to the metabolic rate of skeletal...
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- The respiratory components of the medulla consist of which of the following? Dorsal respiratory group Apneustic center Ventral respiratory group Pneumotaxic center 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 4 onlyarrow_forwardWhich is the order of airflow during inhalation? a. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli b. nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli c. nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli d. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoliarrow_forwardGas exchange occurs at the _______. a. two bronchi b. pleural sacs c. alveoli d. both b and carrow_forward
- can you explain this question in terms of chemoreceptors?arrow_forwardCapillary in lung) Alveoli in lung Capillary in tissue Poz PC0₂ Poz = 40 mm Hg Pco₂ = 46 mm Hg 100 mm Hg = 40 mm Hg 0₂ = CO₂ Cells in body Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement is accurate? CO₂ will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries. CO₂ will diffuse from the capillaries into the tissues. O₂ will diffuse from the capillaries in the tissues to the capillaries in the lung. O₂ will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries. O₂ will diffuse from the tissues into the capillaries.arrow_forwardA patient has been suffering from constant diarrhea. With this, the patient must be losing much of the intestinal content including the aqueous pancreatic secretion. The patient also becomes hyperchloremic. Which of the following will be the respiratory corrective mechanism? chemoreceptors (which respond to low pH or high H+), causing hypoventilation and increased depth of inspiration and an increase in pCO2 chemoreceptors (which respond to low pH or high H+), causing hyperventilation and a decrease in pCO2 chemoreceptors tell the lungs of the change in pH and commands the pancreas to secrete more bicarbonate chemoreceptors in the kidney trigger the conservation of the bicarbonate in the PCTarrow_forward
- Respiratory System Examine an H&E slide of a transverse section of the trachea or main bronchus, and respond to the following. 1.a) Still at a high power, how many nuclear (cell) layers can you observe? 1. b) Why is the epithelium called pseudostratified? 2.a) Look for goblet cells; what three functions do mucus produced by these cells serve?i.ii.iii. 2.b) Besides globlet cells, what other four types of cells are present in the epithelium?I.ii.iii.iv. 3. The epithelium is supported by a lamina priopria of loose connective tissue. Which two connective tissue fibres occur in this sub-layer?i.ii.arrow_forwardDecreased arterial pH (increased hydrogen ion concentration in the arterial blood) increases depth and frequency of respirations Choose from the following: (A) directly stimulating central chemoreceptors within the fourth ventricle of the medulla oblongata (B) directly stimulates the glomus cells of the aortic and carotid sinuses (C) both A and Barrow_forwardYou have both peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic arch and carotid bodies) and central chemoreceptors (medulla). You were informed earlier that the central chemoreceptors are the primary sensors for blood CO2. Both sets of chemoreceptors detect the concentration of H+ in blood or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Why do the central chemoreceptors detect blood PCO2 levels while the peripheral chemoreceptors are only sensitive to total blood H+ concentration?arrow_forward
- Which one of the following statements about the afferent components of the respiratory control system is INCORRECT? Select one: a. In order to stimulate hyperventilation the sympathetic nervous system tricks the carotid body by constricting the capillaries that serve glomus cells; reduced blood flow to the cell causes localised hypoxia triggering a compensatory hyperventilation response even before systemic hypoxia is apparent. b. In type 1 glomus cells of the carotid bodies, hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis trigger afferent signalling by inhibiting K+ channels, depolarising the cell membrane, and opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that trigger the release of neurotransmitters onto afferent glossopharyngeal nerve fibres. c. Chemoreceptor cells can be found in the carotid body. d. The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits afferent impulses from the carotid body to the ventral respiratory group of neurons.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors? Increased arterial PCO2 Increased arterial PO2 None of the above stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors Drop in pHarrow_forwardHow might central and peripheral chemoreceptors compare with regard to their responses after hypoventilation occurs? 1. Decrease in carbon dioxide is detected by both central and peripheral chemoreceptors 2. Increase in oxygen is detected by both central and peripheral chemoreceptors 3. Decrease in oxygen is detected by both central and peripheral chemoreceptors 4. Increase in carbon dioxide is detected by both central and peripheral chemoreceptorsarrow_forward
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