Bundle: Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, Loose-leaf Version, 14th + LMS Integrated for MindTap Biology, 2 terms (12 months) Printed Access Card
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305775480
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 20, Problem 2DAA
Summary Introduction
To determine: Whether the people with HLA-B*51 are more or less likely than those with other HLAs to have the virus with the mutation.
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the group of retrovirus that is sexually transmitted from one to another. It causes a disease that leads to life-threatening infections called AIDS. Here, the immune system fails or weakens due to the viral infection and is accompanied with the development of many infections. Certain proteins called human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are produced and displayed by our cells that act as a marker for the identification of unusual invaders in the body. Each unique marker is produced for the determination of self-cells versus the invaders by the immune system.
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When an antibody binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, it may block access of the spike protein to the ACE2 protein on human cells. This is one way an antibody can prevent the virus from attaching to and getting inside of human cells. But antibodies can do more than just block virus entry. Due to the symmetrical structure of the immunoglobulin molecule, it can bind to two antigen molecules simultaneously, like this:
As a result, antibodies can cross-link multiple viruses in a three-dimensional network. Using this diagram as a starting point, draw several additional viruses and antibodies to illustrate what a cross-linked antigen-antibody complex might look like.
This is a hypothetical scenario.
A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world. If a vaccine that stops transmission of all current circulating variants of the virus in humans is utilized and herd immunity is achieved throughout the world, would this essentially stop 1) further transmission of the virus; 2) further mutation of the virus, respectively? Why/why not? Please answer the question succinctly and in bullet points!
Please help explain this figure
Chapter 20 Solutions
Bundle: Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, Loose-leaf Version, 14th + LMS Integrated for MindTap Biology, 2 terms (12 months) Printed Access Card
Ch. 20 - Prob. 1SQCh. 20 - Prob. 2SQCh. 20 - Prob. 3SQCh. 20 - Prob. 4SQCh. 20 - __________ do not reproduce sexually. a....Ch. 20 - Prob. 6SQCh. 20 - Adapting to Host Defenses Surface proteins called...Ch. 20 - Prob. 2DAACh. 20 - Prob. 3DAACh. 20 - Adapting to Host Defenses Surface proteins called...
Ch. 20 - Prob. 7SQCh. 20 - Bacteria that serve as decomposers are ___ . a....Ch. 20 - Prob. 9SQCh. 20 - Formation of a(n) ___ allows some soil bacteria to...Ch. 20 - Prob. 11SQCh. 20 - Prob. 12SQCh. 20 - Which of these diseases is caused by bacteria? a....Ch. 20 - Prob. 14SQCh. 20 - Prob. 15SQCh. 20 - If a cut or scrape becomes infected,...Ch. 20 - The adenoviruses that cause colds do not have a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3CTCh. 20 - Prob. 4CT
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