Chapter 20, Problem 20A

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The process of separation of petroleum into its fractions is to be studied.

Concept introduction:

The process of separation of petroleum into its fractions is done by fractional distillation.

Fractional distillation is the process of separation of liquid mixture into its components depending upon difference in boiling point.

Answer to Problem 20A

Petroleum is separated into its fractions using fractional distillation. Petroleum is vaporized and added to distillation tower. The gas rises in the tower and starts cooling. Each fraction is then condense to its liquid form and get separated from other fractions.

Explanation of Solution

Three main fractions level are forms as:

Light distillate include gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, paraffin and have boiling point in range 70-200°C.

Medium distillate includes diesel fuel and gas oil and have boiling point in range 200-350°C.

Heavy distillate includes fuel oil and have boiling point above 350°C.

In fractional distillation of petroleum, different products are formed at different temperature.

Name	The approximate boiling range	use
Asphalt	>300°C	For making roads
Paraffin wax	190-250°C	For making Vaseline
Fuel oil	>350°C	For running heavy vehicles
Kerosene oil	190-250°C	As a household fuel
Gasoline	25-75°C	For light vehicles
Petroleum gas	250-350°C	Household fuel
Lubricating oil	>350°C	Used for lubricating machines

Conclusion

Thus, petroleum is separated into its fractions by fractional distillation.