(a) Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified. Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Question

The presence of a pi bond also makes a compound a base. With this in mind, draw the conjugate acid of ethylene, CH2=CH2.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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The presence of a pi bond also makes a compound a base. With this in mind, draw the conjugate acid of ethylene, CH2=CH2.

Predict the products of the following acid-base reactions. If the equilibrium would not result in the formation of appreciable amounts of products, you should so indicate. In each case label the stronger acid, the stronger base, the weaker acid, and the weaker base: (a) CH3CH=CH2 + NANH2 (d) CH3C=C: + CH;CH2OH → (e) CH3C=C:- + NH¾CI – | (b) CH;C=CH + NaNH2 (c) CH3CH2CH3 + NANH2 → | HAS

Write the products of the following acid-base reactions: (a) CH3OH + H2SO4 ² ? (b) CH3OH + NANH2 2 ? (c) CH3NH3+ Cl- + NaOH ?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 12

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Answer 23

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - What acid chloride would be needed to prepare each...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Draw a stepwise mechanism for the following...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

Solution Summary: The author analyzes whether a given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or donating inductive effect. The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon.

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Chapter 18 Solutions