Chapter 18, Problem 118A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{Cl}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: The electron configuration of an element defines how its atomic orbitals are filled with electrons.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{Cl}$ can form a negative ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Cl}$ (Chlorine) is $17$ .

The electronic configuration of $\text{Cl}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{4}3s^{2}3p^5$ .

It needs only one electron to complete its octet. Therefore, it will form a negative ion, that is ${\text{Cl}}^{-}$ .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{Ca}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: The electron configuration of an element defines how its atomic orbitals are filled with electrons.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{Ca}$ can form a positive ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Ca}$ (Calcium) is $20$ .

The electronic configuration of $\text{Ca}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{4}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^2$ .

It losses two electrons to complete its octet. Therefore, it will form a positive ion that is ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{P}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: The electron configuration of an element defines how its atomic orbitals are filled with electrons.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{P}$ can form a negative ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{P}$ (Phosphorous) is $15$ .

The electronic configuration of $\text{P}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{4}3s^{2}3p^3$ .

It can gain three electrons to complete its octet. Therefore, it will form a negative ion that is ${\text{P}}^{3-}$ .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{Se}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: The electron configuration of an element defines how its atomic orbitals are filled with electrons.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{Se}$ can form a negative ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Se}$ (selenium) is $34$ .

The electronic configuration of $\text{Se}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{4}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^4$ .

It can gain two electrons to complete its octet. Therefore, it will form a negative ion, that is ${\text{Se}}^{2-}$ .

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{Cu}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: Transition metals have various oxidation states.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{Cu}$ can form a positive ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Cu}$ (copper) is $34$ .

Copper is a transition metal. It can form two oxidation states $+1$ and $+2$ ( ${\text{Cu}}^{+}$ and ${\text{Cu}}^{2+}$ ). Therefore, it can form positive ions.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{Sn}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: The electron configuration of an element defines how its atomic orbitals are filled with electrons.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{Sn}$ can form a positive ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Sn}$ (tin) is $50$ .

The electronic configuration of $\text{Sn}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{4}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^2$ .

It can lose two electrons to complete its octet. Therefore it will form a positive ion, that is ${\text{Sn}}^{2+}$ .

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{K}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: The electron configuration of an element defines how its atomic orbitals are filled with electrons.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{K}$ can form a positive ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{K}$ (Potassium) is $19$ .

The electronic configuration of $\text{K}$ is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{4}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^1$ .

It can lose one electron to complete its octet. Therefore, it will form a positive ion, that is ${\text{K}}^{+}$ .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{Fe}$ can form positive or negative ion is to be identified.

Concept Introduction: Transition metals have various oxidation states.

Answer to Problem 118A

  $\text{Fe}$ can form a positive ion.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number of $\text{Fe}$ (iron) is $50$ .

Iron is a transition metal. It can form two oxidation states, $+2$ and $+3$ ( ${\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}}$ and ${\text{Fe}}^{3+}$ ). Therefore, it can form positive ions.