The detailed mechanisms of the given reactions are to be predicted. Concept introduction: A mechanism involves the collection of all those steps that occur in a reaction. Ester formation occurs between carboxylic acid and alcohol in acidic medium. It involves protonation of the carbonyl group of carboxylic acid, and then attack of hydroxyl oxygen of alcohol on the carbonyl carbon. It involves the formation of water as another product. The amide bond contains a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group. The amide bond is a reaction product of carboxylic acid, acid chlorides or esters with primary amines . It occurs by nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon by an amine group. Hydrolysis of the cyanide group in acidic medium results in the formation of the carboxylic group. The reaction occurs in presence of mineral acid and proceeds via the formation of amide as an intermediate.

Question

Rank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check CF3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) H (Choose one) (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 32P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanisms of the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

A mechanism involves the collection of all those steps that occur in a reaction.

Ester formation occurs between carboxylic acid and alcohol in acidic medium. It involves protonation of the carbonyl group of carboxylic acid, and then attack of hydroxyl oxygen of alcohol on the carbonyl carbon. It involves the formation of water as another product.

The amide bond contains a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group. The amide bond is a reaction product of carboxylic acid, acid chlorides or esters with primary amines. It occurs by nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon by an amine group.

Hydrolysis of the cyanide group in acidic medium results in the formation of the carboxylic group. The reaction occurs in presence of mineral acid and proceeds via the formation of amide as an intermediate.

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Rank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check CF3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) H (Choose one) (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy

Identifying electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effects For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density CF3 O donating O donating O electron-rich O withdrawing withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects O electron-deficient O similar to benzene OCH3 Explanation Check O donating O donating ○ withdrawing withdrawing O no inductive effects no resonance effects electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene Х © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center

The acid-base chemistry of both EDTA and EBT are important to ensuring that the reactions proceed as desired, thus the pH is controlled using a buffer. What percent of the EBT indicator will be in the desired HIn2- state at pH = 10.5. pKa1 = 6.2 and pKa2 = 11.6 of EBT

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 32P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanisms of the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

A mechanism involves the collection of all those steps that occur in a reaction.

Ester formation occurs between carboxylic acid and alcohol in acidic medium. It involves protonation of the carbonyl group of carboxylic acid, and then attack of hydroxyl oxygen of alcohol on the carbonyl carbon. It involves the formation of water as another product.

The amide bond contains a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group. The amide bond is a reaction product of carboxylic acid, acid chlorides or esters with primary amines. It occurs by nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon by an amine group.

Hydrolysis of the cyanide group in acidic medium results in the formation of the carboxylic group. The reaction occurs in presence of mineral acid and proceeds via the formation of amide as an intermediate.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 32P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanisms of the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

A mechanism involves the collection of all those steps that occur in a reaction.

Ester formation occurs between carboxylic acid and alcohol in acidic medium. It involves protonation of the carbonyl group of carboxylic acid, and then attack of hydroxyl oxygen of alcohol on the carbonyl carbon. It involves the formation of water as another product.

The amide bond contains a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group. The amide bond is a reaction product of carboxylic acid, acid chlorides or esters with primary amines. It occurs by nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon by an amine group.

Hydrolysis of the cyanide group in acidic medium results in the formation of the carboxylic group. The reaction occurs in presence of mineral acid and proceeds via the formation of amide as an intermediate.

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See solution

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 32P

Interpretation Introduction