Concept explainers
- a. In what three ways does RNA differ from DNA?
- b. Fill in the following sequence in the flow of genetic information, often called the central dogma. Above each arrow, write the name of the process involved.
Figure 17.6 The codon table for mRNA. The three
VISUAL SKILLS A segment in the middle of an mRNA has the sequence 5′-AGAGAACCGCGA-3′. Using the codon table, translate this sequence, assuming the first three nucleotides are a codon.
a.
To determine: Three ways in which ribonucleic acid (RNA) differs from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Introduction: Nucleic acids are the major organic molecules of all living organisms. Nucleic acids are made of three major components, such as nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. The two major nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA carries the genetic information from one generation to other generation. DNA controls the synthesis of RNA in the cell. RNA is responsible for the synthesis of protein molecules.
Explanation of Solution
Three ways in which DNA differ from RNA are given below:
Criteria | DNA | RNA |
Pentose sugar | DNA contains deoxyribose pentose sugar. | RNA contains ribose pentose sugar. |
Nitrogenous base | DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases, namely adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thiamine. | RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases, namely adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. |
Strand | DNA is double-stranded. | RNA is single-stranded. |
b.
To fill and name: The given sequence in the flow of genetic information and the process involved in it.
Introduction: The central dogma of biology explains the flow of information from genes to protein by two processes. These two processes are transcription and translation.
Explanation of Solution
The given sequence in the flow of genetic information and the process involved in it is as follows:
Transcription is a process in which a DNA sequence is converted into a functional piece of RNA. In the initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the sequence of DNA, and then the unbinding of DNA strand takes place. RNA polymerase adds the RNA bases to the DNA that creates a single strand of mRNA. RNA polymerase detaches from the sequence, and the newly formed sequence of mRNA is released into the nuclear fluid, and then it leaves the nucleus.
After the transcription, the newly formed mRNA enters the cytosol. In the cytosol, processed mRNA associates with many ribosomes. The complex of ribosome-mRNA starts the process of translation. At the initiation of translation, anticodons that appear on tRNA attaches with the mRNA codon. This attachment of tRNA and mRNA codon corrects the orientation of newly arrived amino acids. These amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond, and a peptide chain starts to grow.
Transcription is the formation of RNA from a DNA sequence and through the process of translation, protein is formed from the RNA.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 17 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
- Given the following mRNA, write the double-stranded DNA segment that served as the template. Indicate both the 5 and the 3 ends of both DNA strands. Also write out the tRNA anticodons and the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the mRNA message. DNA: mRNA: 5-CCGCAUGUUCAGUGGGCGUAAACACUGA-3 protein: tRNA:arrow_forwardAmino acid sequence: Look at the m-RNA message below: PUT A NUMBER under each of the t-RNA/amino acid complexes to show the correct sequence that they would attach as this message is read. phenylalanine leucine lysine methionine AUGUUC A A ACUG UUU UA MRNA WHAT IS THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE FOR THE PROTEIN THAT WOULD BE PRODUCED FROM THIS MESSAGE? MATCH THE PARTS IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE CORRECT LABEL. RIBOSOME в Asparagine D. NUCLEUS Methionine MESSENGER RNA ANTICODON E AMINO ACID CODON TRANSFER RNAarrow_forwardGiven the following DNA sequence: 3'-TACTTNGTNCTNTCN-5' where N stands for any nucleotide, give the complementary mRNA sequence. Indicate direction of strand as 3'--> 5' or 5'--> 3' as in the given sequence above. Give the amino acid sequence of your mRNA sequencelin No. 1. Indicate direction of strand as above. Use all lowercase letters, 3-letter name of amino acid separated by a hyphen (-), no spaces in-between.arrow_forward
- Illustrate the process of translation by providing the correct bases for tRNA strand given the mRNA template strand. (Remember that mRNA has uracil instead of thymine.) Template Strand: GCUAUGUUUarrow_forwardDetermine which amino acid is formed from the following mRNA codon: GUA. a aspartic acid b glutamic acid c phenylalanine d valinearrow_forwardA. What amino acid sequence is encoded by the codon sequence AUAAUGGUAACGGUU? B. Suppose the codon sequence AGACACUCUAUUAAA has a single base pair mutation to AGACACUCUUUUAAA. If the old protein sequence was Arg-His-Ser-Ile-Lys, what will be the new sequence encoded by the mutant gene?arrow_forward
- Consider the mRNA sequence below. Assume that the following mRNA segment has been translated. 5’-UACCGAAUGUCU-3’ Note for letters a and b: Use the three-letter abbreviation of amino acid; separate amino acids with a hyphen: do not include the stop codon. Example: ala-cys-glu a. Using the table of the genetic code, determine the sequence of amino acids. b. If mutation occurs by substitution of the 12th nucleotide with cytidine-5’-monophosphate, what is the resulting amino acid sequence? c. What type of mutation occurred? Choose from same sense, missense and non-sense.arrow_forwardFor each of the following items, fill in either the DNA strand, the MRNA codons, the tRNA anticodons, or the amino acid sequence that have been left blank. If several sequences might work, choose only one. Furthermore, circle the start and the stop codons of each mRNA sequence. 1. DNA (3'-5') ACG TAC GGC CGG TTA AAG CAT ACT TTC TTG MRNA TRNA Amino Acid 2. DNA (3'-5') MRNA AUG ACU AGC UGG GGG UAU UAC UUU UAG AAA TRNA Amino Acid 3. DNA (3'-5') MRNA TRNA GCU CCU UAC CAC ССС CGU AUG GCU GGG AUC Activate Go to Sett Amino Acidarrow_forwardCodon chart: We interpret mRNA 3 base pairs at a time. This is known as a codon. A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into an amino acid sequence. The full set of relationships between codons and amino acids (or stop signals) is called the genetic code. The genetic code is often summarized in a table like the one below. Second letter A G UUU UUC J UGU Cys UCU) UCC UCA UCGJ UAU U Phe Tyr UACS UGCJ Ser UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG Trp UUA UUG FLeu G CUU ) CỤC CUA CUG CCU ) ССС ССА CCG CGU CGC Arg CAU) CÁC His САА Leu Pro CGA Gin CAG CGG AUU AAU ACU АСC ACA Asn AGU Ser AAC JAsh AGC. AUC le A AUA AGA Arg Thr AAA AAG. }Lys A AUG Met ACG AGG J G GUU GUC G Val GUA GUG GCU) GCC GCA GCG GAU1 GACS GAA) GAG Glu GGU GGC Gly U C A Ala GGA GGG] G First letter UUAG Third letterarrow_forward
- 10. A portion of 5'-AUGCCACGAGUUGAC-3'. What amino acid sequence does this code for? To answer the question please: I) explain what is the genetic code and list the properties of the genetic e 2) draw a diagram of protein synthesis; 3) determine which tRNA should be attached to the mRNA; 4) what is the anticodon for the very first tRNA that will attach to mRNA? mRNA molecule has the sequence anarrow_forwardBelow is the 5’–3’ strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule with the following nucleotide sequences:5’ C C T A T G C A G T G G C C A T A T T C C A A A G C A T A G C 3’ 1. If the RNA synthesized above (item #3) is a functional mRNA and all the nucleotides belong to an exon,a. how many codons are present in this mRNA?b. how many codons actually code for a protein in this mRNA?c. what stop codon is present in this mRNA?arrow_forwardFill in the complementary DNA strands for the DNA strands below Which nitrogen base CAN'T you use during replication? ATTCGATGC TACGGATCG CAGTGACTT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION Use the DNA strands provided to create the m-RNA strands Which nitrogen base CAN'T you use during transcription? ACTGGATAC ACGGATCGT TGACAGCT A TRANSLATION: USE the DECODING WHEEL to DETERMINE the AMINO ACID that Which amino acids have ONLY ONE corresponds to the m-RNA CODE GIVEN: codon? MRNA CODE AMINO ACID AAA GCG Tyrosine Stop GAU Alanine GU A C CAA GU Cysteine Stop Loyptophan U CAC Valne UUU Arginine AC A Leucine Serine Which two mRNA codes correspond to histidine? lysine A Proine Asparagine CACUCA How many different MRNA codes correspond to Threonine? Tell the amino acid sequence for the following MRNA message: MRNA MESSAGE: AUG CCA UGG CAU Phenyl- alanine Leucine Serine aid Aspartik Glutamk Glydne acid Methionine soleucine Histidine Glutamine Arginine Threoninearrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning