Chapter 16, Problem 16.22P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In what ratios would the peaks of a septet (a signal with seven peaks) appear is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In ${}^{\text{1}}\text{H}$ NMR, the coupling of the spin states of one nucleus with the spin states of the adjacent or neighboring nuclei is called spin-spin coupling. Therefore, the splitting is caused by the spin-spin coupling. The multiplicity of peaks can be determined by $\text{(}N\text{+1)}$ rule, where $N$ is the number of neighboring protons. The ratios describing the relative peak heights in splitting patterns form a pattern known as Pascal’s triangle. The apex of triangle starts with intensity number $1$ representing a singlet. The next row is created with one more number. In each row, the first and last numbers is $1$. Each of the remaining middle numbers in a particular row is the sum of the two closest numbers in the row above it.