Chapter 16, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Theinter-particle force present in the solid Ar needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types;

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

Argon molecules have only London forces between molecules.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements, whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

Argon is a monoatomic molecule as it is a Noble gas, therefore, it has only London forces between particles.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid HCl needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

HCl molecules have dipole-dipole and London forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions, whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

HCl is a dipole molecule as Cl is more electronegative than H in the molecule. Therefore HCl molecules have dipole-dipole and London forces.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid HF needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

HCl molecules have hydrogen bond and London forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

HF is a dipole molecule as F is more electronegative than H in the molecule. Since F is the most electronegative element therefore it can for Hydrogen bonding with other HF molecule. Overall, HF molecules have hydrogen bonding and London forces.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid ${\text{CaCl}}_{\text{2}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{CaCl}}_{\text{2}}$ molecules have ionic forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  ${\text{CaCl}}_{\text{2}}$ is an ionic compound as it is composed of ${\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}$ and ${\text{Cl}}^{-}$ ions. Because of the presence of ions, ${\text{CaCl}}_{\text{2}}$ molecules have ionic forces between molecules.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$ molecules have London dispersion forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$ isa non-polar compound as both C and H are bonded with non-polar covalent bonds. Therefore ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$ molecules have weak London dispersion forces.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid $\text{CO}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  $\text{CO}$ molecules have dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  $\text{CO}$ isa polar compound as both C and O are bonded with polar covalent bonds. Therefore $\text{CO}$ molecules have dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid ${\text{NaNO}}_{\text{3}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{NaNO}}_{\text{3}}$ molecules have ionic forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  ${\text{NaNO}}_{\text{3}}$ is an ionic compound as it is composed of ${\text{Na}}^{\text{+}}$ and ${\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$ ions. Because of the presence of ions, ${\text{NaNO}}_{\text{3}}$ molecules have ionic forces between molecules.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid ${\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\text{Cl}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\text{Cl}$ molecules have ionic forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  ${\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\text{Cl}$ is an ionic compound as it is composed of ${\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{+}}$ and ${\text{Cl}}^{-}$ ions. Because of the presence of ions, ${\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\text{Cl}$ molecules have ionic forces between molecules.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid Teflon ${\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}{{\text{(CF}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CF}}_{\text{2}}\text{)}}_{\text{n}}{\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}{{\text{(CF}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CF}}_{\text{2}}\text{)}}_{\text{n}}{\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}$ molecules have London dispersion forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

Although ${\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}{{\text{(CF}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CF}}_{\text{2}}\text{)}}_{\text{n}}{\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}$ has polar compound as it has C-F polar bond yet the molecule has London dispersion forces because due to large surface area of polymer the London dispersion forces are predominant.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{Cl}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{Cl}$ molecules have dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{Cl}$ isa polar compound as both C and Cl are bonded with polar covalent bonds. Therefore ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{Cl}$ molecules have dipole-dipole and weak London dispersion forces.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ molecules have hydrogen bond and London dispersion forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ isa polar compound as both N and H are bonded with polar covalent bonds. Because of high electronegativity of N, and presence of H, it can also form hydrogen bonds. Therefore, ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ molecules have dipole-dipole and weak London dispersion forces.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid $\text{NO}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  $\text{NO}$ molecules have dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  $\text{NO}$ isa polar compound as both N and O are bonded with polar covalent bonds. Therefore $\text{NO}$ molecules have dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The inter-particle force present in the solid ${\text{BF}}_3$ needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

Answer to Problem 15E

  ${\text{BF}}_3$ molecules have London dispersion forces.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge.

The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molecular size increases, the strength of London forces also increases.

  ${\text{BF}}_3$ isa non-polar compound, although C and H are bonded with polar covalent bonds yet the molecule is non-polar due to symmetrical geometry. Therefore ${\text{BF}}_3$ molecules have weak London dispersion forces.