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- (a) Calculate the power per square meter reaching Earth's upper atmosphere from the Sun. (Take the power output of the Sun to be 4.001026 W.) (b) Part of this is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere, so that a maximum of 1.30 kW/m2 reaches Earth's surface. Calculate the area in km 2 of solar energy collectors needed to replace an electric power plant that generates 750 MW if the collectors convert an average of 2.00% of the maximum power into electricity. (This small conversion efficiency is due to the devices themselves, and the fact that the sun is directly overhead only briefly.) With the same assumptions, what area would be needed to meet the United States' energy needs (1.051020J) ? Australia's energy needs (5.41018J) ? China's energy needs (6.31019J) ? (These energy consumption values are from 2006.)arrow_forwardIn the chapter on fluid mechanics, Bernoulli's equation for the flow of incompressible fluids was explained in terms of changes affecting a small volume dV of fluid. Such volumes are a fundamental idea in the study of the flow of compressible fluids such as gases as well. For the equations of hydrodynamics to apply, the mean free path must be much less than the linear size of such a volume, adV1/3 . For air in the stratosphere at a temperature of 220 K and a pressure of 5.8 kPa, how big should a be for it to be 100 times the mean free path? Take the effective radius of air molecules to be 1.881011 m, which is roughly correct for N2.arrow_forwardA 1.00MT bomb exploded a few kilometers above the ground deposits 25.0% of its energy into radiant heat. (a) Find the calories per cm2 at a distance of 10.0 km by assuming a uniform distribution over a spherical surface at that radius. (b) If this heat falls on a person’s body, what temperature increase does it cause in the affected tissue, assuming it is absorbed in a layer 1.00cm deep?arrow_forward
- (a) Deter-nine the power of radiation from the Sun by noting that the intensity of the radiation at the distance of Earth is 1370 W/m2. Hint: That intensity will be found everywhere on a spherical surface with radius equal to that of Earth's orbit. (b) Assuring that the Sun's temperature is 5780 K and that its emissivity is 1, find its radius.arrow_forwardCompute the energy consumption in units of joules per year, gigawatts (GW), and watts per person as (a) fuel, (b) food, and (c) solar radiation for a country of population density 20 person/km2, an area of 1 million km2, and a fuel energy consumption rate of 250 GJ per person per year. Solar radiation reaching the ground is approximately 150 W/m2. The average person consumes food containing 2000 “calories” per day (1 calorie = 4182 J).arrow_forwardCalculate the amount of radiation emitted for a unit surface (1 m²) for the following situations. Express your answers in both SI units (in W) and U.S. Customary units (in Btu/h). (a) a hot pavement in Arizona at 52°C (125.6°F) and & ≈ 0.84 rate in W rate in Btu/h W Btu/h (b) a hood of a car at 44°C (111.2°F) and & ≈ 0.91 rate in W W rate in Btu/h Btu/h (c) a sunbather at 38°C (100.4°F) and & ≈ 0.91 rate in W W rate in Btu/h Btu/harrow_forward
- Q5. The intensity of the solar radiations striking the PV panel of a solar powered car is found to be 900W/m2 and the dimensions of the PV panel fixed over the roof of a solar powered car is given below. Assuming efficiency of the PV panel to be 30% solar p.v 2.2 m (a) Find the area of PV panel fixed over the roof of the car? (b) Calculate the power of incident solar radiations? (e) Find the power out of the PV panel? 1.1marrow_forwardA) Estimate the total solar heating absorbed by the Earth every second. Assume 36% of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by clouds and lost. You can assume that the Earth intercepts sunlight with an effective area of πr2 where r is Earth’s radius. B) Estimate the total heat lost by the Earth as infrared radiation every second. Assume Earth has an effective temperature of 252 K (-21 C).arrow_forwardThe average solar radiation per day in Cincinnati in the month of December is 2.5 kWh/m²/day. The average energy usage for a typical household in Cincinnati is 33 kWh/day. Assuming solar panels are 20% efficient and have an area of 1.6 m², how many solar panels would be needed to provide enough energy for a typical household in Cincinnati. Use the problem presentation method to solve this problem (except the verification step).arrow_forward
- What is the net heat current in radiation of an Ice cube at 0 °C if the surrounding air is at 20°C? The ice cube has sides of length 2.50 cm, the emissivity of ice is 0.96 and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is o = 5.67 x 10-8 Watts/m2Kª. Is the heat flow out or into the ice cube, explain?arrow_forwardA. The planet Venus is different from the earth in several respects: (a) it is only 70 % as far from the sun, so the solar constant is 2800 W/m²; (b) its thick clouds reflect 77% of all incident sunlight and (c) its atmosphere is much more opaque to infrared light. B. (i) Estimate what the average surface temperature of Venus would be if it had no atmosphere and did not reflect any sunlight. (ii) Taking into account the reflectivity of the clouds, estimate the surface temperature. Use the theory of Earth's energy balance to discuss the greenhouse effect.arrow_forwardConsider a simple climate model in which the Earth's atmosphere is represented as a single layer that is transparent to solar radiation but has an absorptivity of 0.8 in the infrared. The Earth's overall albedo is 0.3. a) Draw a diagram to illustrate the contributions to the radiation budget above the atmosphere and directly above the surface. b) Calculate the temperature of the ground in this model. c) Calculate the temperature of the atmosphere in this model. d) An increase in carbon dioxide causes the infrared absorptivity of the atmosphere to increase by 2.6 %. Calculate the resulting change in surface temperature.arrow_forward
- College PhysicsPhysicsISBN:9781938168000Author:Paul Peter Urone, Roger HinrichsPublisher:OpenStax College