Interpretation: The terms ‘homogeneous equilibria’ and ‘hetergeneous equilibria’ constant’ are to be defined. The difference in writing the
Concept introduction: The equilibria can be termed as a homogeneous equilibria or a heterogeneous equilibria based on the number of phases existing in a given
To determine: A definition for the terms ‘homogeneous equilibria’ and ‘hetergeneous equilibria; the difference in writing the
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EBK CHEMISTRY: AN ATOMS FIRST APPROACH
- Because calcium carbonate is a sink for CO32- in a lake, the student in Exercise 12.39 decides to go a step further and examine the equilibrium between carbonate ion and CaCOj. The reaction is Ca2+(aq) + COj2_(aq) ** CaCO,(s) The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 2.1 X 10*. If the initial calcium ion concentration is 0.02 AI and the carbonate concentration is 0.03 AI, what are the equilibrium concentrations of the ions? A student is simulating the carbonic acid—hydrogen carbonate equilibrium in a lake: H2COj(aq) H+(aq) + HCO}‘(aq) K = 4.4 X 10"7 She starts with 0.1000 AI carbonic acid. What are the concentrations of all species at equilibrium?arrow_forwardBecause carbonic acid undergoes a second ionization, the student in Exercise 12.39 is concerned that the hydrogen ion concentration she calculated is not correct. She looks up the equilibrium constant for the reaction HCO,-(aq) «=* H+(aq) + COf'(aq) Upon finding that the equilibrium constant for this reaction is 4.8 X 10“H, she decides that her answer in Exercise 12.39 is correct. Explain her reasoning. A student is simulating the carbonic acid—hydrogen carbonate equilibrium in a lake: H,CO,(aq) 5=6 H+(aq) + HCO,'(aq) K = 4.4 X 10'7She starts with 0.1000 A1 carbonic acid. W hat are the concentrations of all species at equilibrium?arrow_forwardWhat is the law of mass action? Is it true that the value of K depends on the amounts of reactants and products mixed together initially? Explain. Is it true that reactions with large equilibrium constant values are very fast? Explain. There is only one value of the equilibrium constant for a particular system at a particular temperature, but there is an infinite number of equilibrium positions. Explain.arrow_forward
- Equilibrium exists between butane and isobutane when [butane] = 0.020 M and [isobutane] = 0.050 M. An additional 0.0200 mol/L of isobutane is added to the mixture. What are the concentrations of butane and isobutane after equilibrium has again been attained?arrow_forwardAt 2300 K the equilibrium constant for the formation of NO(g) is 1.7 103. N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) (a) Analysis shows that the concentrations of N2 and O2 are both 0.25 M, and that of NO is 0.0042 M under certain conditions. Is the system at equilibrium? (b) If the system is not at equilibrium, in which direction does the reaction proceed? (c) When the system is at equilibrium, what are the equilibrium concentrations?arrow_forwardThe experiment in Exercise 12.33 was redesigned so that the reaction started with 0.15 mol each of N2 and O2 being injected into a 1.0-L container at 2500 K. The equilibrium constant at 2500 K is 3.6 X 10“’. What was the composition of the reaction mixture after equilibrium was attained? The following reaction establishes equilibrium at 2000 K: N2(g) + O2(g) *2 2 NO K = 4.1 X IO-4 If the reaction began with 0.100 mol L-1 of N2 and 0.100 mol L-’ ofO2, what were the equilibrium concentrations of all species?arrow_forward
- At room temperature, the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction 2 NO(g) ⇌ N2(g) + O2(g) is 1.4 × 1030. Is this reaction product-favored or reactant-favored? Explain your answer. In the atmosphere at room temperature the concentration of N2 is 0.33 mol/L, and the concentration of O2 is about 25% of that value. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of NO in the atmosphere produced by the reaction of N2 and O2. How does this affect your answer to Question 11?arrow_forwardWrite the equilibrium constant expression for each reaction in terms of activities, simplifying where appropriate. a C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g) b P4(s)+5O2(g)P4O10(s) c 2HNO2(g)+3Cl2(g)2NCl3(g)+H2(g)+2O2(g)arrow_forwardConsider 0.200 mol phosphorus pentachloride sealed in a 2.0-L container at 620 K. The equilibrium constant, Kc, is 0.60 for PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) Calculate the concentrations of all species after equilibrium has been reached.arrow_forward
- In the reaction in Exercise 12.33, another trial was carried out. The reaction began with an initial concentration of N2 equal to the initial concentration of NO. Each had a concentration of 0.100 mol L-1. WTat were the equilibrium concentrations of all species? The following reaction establishes equilibrium at 2000 K: N2(g) + O2(g) ^2 NO K = 4.1 X 10~4 If the reaction began with 0.100 mol L-1 of N2 and 0.100 mol L'1 ofO2, what were the equilibrium concentrations of all species?arrow_forwardAgain the experiment in Exercise 12.33 was redesigned. This time, 0.15 mol each of N, and O2 was injected into a 5.0-L container at 2500 K, at which the equilibrium constant is 3.6 X 10-?. What was the composition of the reaction mixture at equilibrium? l'he following reaction establishes equilibrium at 2000 K: N2(g) + O2(g) *2 2 NO K = 4.1 X IO-4 If the reaction began with 0.100 mol L-1 of N2 and 0.100 mol L-’ ofO2, what were the equilibrium concentrations of all species?arrow_forwardAn equilibrium involving the carbonate and bicarbonate ions exists in natural waters: HCO5_(aq) «=* H+(aq) + COf-(aq) Assuming that the reactions in both directions are elementary' processes: Write rate expressions for the forward and reverse reactions. Write an expression for the equilibrium constant based on the rates of the forward and reverse reactions.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
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