Chapter 12, Problem 12.38AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The secondary carbon and a tertiary carbon should be differentiated.

Concept introduction:

Primary (${\text{1}}^0$) carbon atom:

A carbon atom with one other carbon attached to it.

Secondary $\left({\text{2}}^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with two other carbons attached to it .

Tertiary $\left(3^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with three other carbons attached to it .

Quaternary $\left(4^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with four other carbons attached to it.

Attachment of carbon atom:

A primary carbon is bonded to one other carbon.

A secondary carbon is bonded to two other carbons.

A tertiary carbon is bonded to three other carbons.

A quaternary carbon is bonded to four other carbons.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The primary carbon and a quaternary carbon should be differentiated.

Concept introduction:

Primary (${\text{1}}^0$) carbon atom:

A carbon atom with one other carbon attached to it.

Secondary $\left({\text{2}}^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with two other carbons attached to it .

Tertiary $\left(3^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with three other carbons attached to it .

Quaternary $\left(4^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with four other carbons attached to it.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Secondary carbon structure as shown in Problem (12.33b) should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Primary (${\text{1}}^0$) carbon atom:

A carbon atom with one other carbon attached to it.

Secondary $\left({\text{2}}^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with two other carbons attached to it.

Tertiary $\left(3^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with three other carbons attached to it.

Quaternary $\left(4^0\right)$ carbon atom:

A carbon atom with four other carbons attached to it.