Concept explainers
a.
To find: Whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that there exists an association between education level and status of smoking.
a.
Answer to Problem 13PT
Yes, there is enough evidence to conclude that there exists an association between education level and status of smoking.
Explanation of Solution
Given:
The table is:
Education | Non smoker | Former | Moderate | Heavy |
Primary School | 56 | 54 | 41 | 36 |
Secondary School | 37 | 43 | 27 | 32 |
University | 53 | 28 | 36 | 16 |
Calculation:
The hypotheses are:
The calculation can be done as:
Non smoker | Former | Moderate | Heavy | Total | ||
Primary School | Observed | 56 | 54 | 41 | 36 | 187 |
Expected | 59.48 | 50.93 | 42.37 | 34.22 | 187.00 | |
Secondary School | Observed | 37 | 43 | 27 | 32 | 139 |
Expected | 44.21 | 37.85 | 31.49 | 25.44 | 139.00 | |
University | Observed | 53 | 28 | 36 | 16 | 133 |
Expected | 42.31 | 36.22 | 30.14 | 24.34 | 133.00 | |
Total | Observed | 146 | 125 | 104 | 84 | 459 |
Expected | 146.00 | 125.00 | 104.00 | 84.00 | 459.00 |
The test statistic is:
The degree of freedom is calculated as:
The p-value using chi-square table at 6 degree of freedom is 0.384.
The p -value is above significance level. The null hypothesis does not get rejected. There is enough evidence to be in favor of claim at 5% significance level.
b.
To find: The cell that is mostly contributing to the relationship.
b.
Explanation of Solution
Calculation:
The expected count for the cell “Heavy University” is calculated as:
Thus, the highest contribution is of “Heavy University”.
Chapter 11 Solutions
The Practice of Statistics for AP - 4th Edition
Additional Math Textbook Solutions
Introductory Statistics (2nd Edition)
Elementary Statistics Using Excel (6th Edition)
Essentials of Statistics (6th Edition)
Essentials of Statistics, Books a la Carte Edition (5th Edition)
Fundamentals of Statistics (5th Edition)
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