(a) Interpretation: Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined. Concept Introduction: The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Question

Q2. Figure Q2 shows a block diagram with an input of C(s) and an output R(s). a) C(s) K₁ R(s) K2 1 + 5s 1+2s Figure Q2. Block diagram of control system. Simply the block diagram to get the transfer function of the system C(s)/R(s). b) What is the order of the system? c) What is the gain of the system? d) Determine the values of K₁ and K₂ to obtain a natural frequency w of 0.5 rad/s and damping ratio of 0.4. e) What is the rise time and overshoot of the system with a unit step input?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The value of composition of the first solid formed during the solidification needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Freezing is the other name for solidification. Solidification is the phase change of matter which results in the production of a solid phase. Mostly, this phase occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered under the freezing point. At the solidification temperature, atoms which are present in the liquid begins to bond and start the formation of crystals.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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Q2. Figure Q2 shows a block diagram with an input of C(s) and an output R(s). a) C(s) K₁ R(s) K2 1 + 5s 1+2s Figure Q2. Block diagram of control system. Simply the block diagram to get the transfer function of the system C(s)/R(s). b) What is the order of the system? c) What is the gain of the system? d) Determine the values of K₁ and K₂ to obtain a natural frequency w of 0.5 rad/s and damping ratio of 0.4. e) What is the rise time and overshoot of the system with a unit step input?

this is an old practice exam, the answer is Fmin = 290.5lb but how

Q4. a) A purely derivative controller (i.e. with a zero at the origin only) is defined by an improper transfer function. Considering its asymptotic behaviour, explain why a purely derivative controller is difficult to implement in practice. Relate your explanation to the potential limitations on system performance. b) Discuss the potential issues faced by a control system with a large cut-off frequency. Relate your discussion to the implications on system performance. c) The transfer function of a lag compensator is given by 2 KPID(S) = 2.2++0.2s S By using the asymptotic approximation technique: (i) Obtain the standard form and corner frequency for each individual component of KPID(S). (ii) Clearly describe the asymptotic behaviour of each individual component of KPID(S).

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The value of composition of the first solid formed during the solidification needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Freezing is the other name for solidification. Solidification is the phase change of matter which results in the production of a solid phase. Mostly, this phase occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered under the freezing point. At the solidification temperature, atoms which are present in the liquid begins to bond and start the formation of crystals.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The value of composition of the first solid formed during the solidification needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Freezing is the other name for solidification. Solidification is the phase change of matter which results in the production of a solid phase. Mostly, this phase occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered under the freezing point. At the solidification temperature, atoms which are present in the liquid begins to bond and start the formation of crystals.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The value of composition of the first solid formed during the solidification needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Freezing is the other name for solidification. Solidification is the phase change of matter which results in the production of a solid phase. Mostly, this phase occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered under the freezing point. At the solidification temperature, atoms which are present in the liquid begins to bond and start the formation of crystals.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The value of composition of the first solid formed during the solidification needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Freezing is the other name for solidification. Solidification is the phase change of matter which results in the production of a solid phase. Mostly, this phase occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered under the freezing point. At the solidification temperature, atoms which are present in the liquid begins to bond and start the formation of crystals.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy. Whereas the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The value of composition of the first solid formed during the solidification needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Freezing is the other name for solidification. Solidification is the phase change of matter which results in the production of a solid phase. Mostly, this phase occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered under the freezing point. At the solidification temperature, atoms which are present in the liquid begins to bond and start the formation of crystals.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The value of composition of the first solid formed during the solidification needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Freezing is the other name for solidification. Solidification is the phase change of matter which results in the production of a solid phase. Mostly, this phase occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered under the freezing point. At the solidification temperature, atoms which are present in the liquid begins to bond and start the formation of crystals.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 18

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Answer 29

Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.1P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.2P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.3P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.4P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.5P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.6P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.7P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.8P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.9P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that the composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed hypo-eutectic. The value of composition obtained during the solidification is 1

Chapter 11 Solutions