The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs: NADH/H 2 O UQH 2 /FADH 2 Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced) FADH 2 / NADH NADH/ FMNH 2 Introduction: Reduction is a process of the gain of H + (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs:

NADH/H₂O

UQH₂/FADH₂

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced)

FADH₂/ NADH

NADH/ FMNH₂

Introduction:

Reduction is a process of the gain of H⁺ (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Better reducing agents out of the mentioned substances in the given pairs of compounds are discussed below:

NADH/H₂O: NADH (reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)is a better reducing agent because water molecule is considered weak as both, oxidizing as well as reducing agent, as it can reduce only a limited number of substances, whereas NADH can reduce a variety of substances. Moreover, the redox potential of NADH is lower as compared to the water molecules.

UQH₂/FADH₂: UQH₂(Ubiquinol-10-reduced) is a better reducing agent because it can easily propagate electrons from complex I. Moreover, its redox potential is significantly lower than the FADH₂ moiety.

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced): Cyt b (Cytochrome b), in its reduced form, is a better reducing agent because it can easily liberate electrons to reduce cytochrome a and has a much lower reduction potential than Cyt c.

FADH₂/NADH: NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a better reducing agent than FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) because of its lower reduction potential value and the ability to easily liberate electrons.

NADH/FMNH₂: FMNH₂ (flavin mononucleotide) is a better reducing agent than NADH ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) because of the fact that it can easily donate electrons and has a considerably lower reduction potential.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the ability to act as a reducing agent depends on the intricate reduction potential of a chemical species. In case a chemical species has a high reduction potential, it has a strong affinity for electrons, while a low reduction potential facilitates easy liberation of electrons. The liberated electrons can be used to reduce other molecules and therefore, a low reduction potential value confers higher reducing capabilities.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs:

NADH/H₂O

UQH₂/FADH₂

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced)

FADH₂/ NADH

NADH/ FMNH₂

Introduction:

Reduction is a process of the gain of H⁺ (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Better reducing agents out of the mentioned substances in the given pairs of compounds are discussed below:

NADH/H₂O: NADH (reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)is a better reducing agent because water molecule is considered weak as both, oxidizing as well as reducing agent, as it can reduce only a limited number of substances, whereas NADH can reduce a variety of substances. Moreover, the redox potential of NADH is lower as compared to the water molecules.

UQH₂/FADH₂: UQH₂(Ubiquinol-10-reduced) is a better reducing agent because it can easily propagate electrons from complex I. Moreover, its redox potential is significantly lower than the FADH₂ moiety.

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced): Cyt b (Cytochrome b), in its reduced form, is a better reducing agent because it can easily liberate electrons to reduce cytochrome a and has a much lower reduction potential than Cyt c.

FADH₂/NADH: NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a better reducing agent than FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) because of its lower reduction potential value and the ability to easily liberate electrons.

NADH/FMNH₂: FMNH₂ (flavin mononucleotide) is a better reducing agent than NADH ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) because of the fact that it can easily donate electrons and has a considerably lower reduction potential.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the ability to act as a reducing agent depends on the intricate reduction potential of a chemical species. In case a chemical species has a high reduction potential, it has a strong affinity for electrons, while a low reduction potential facilitates easy liberation of electrons. The liberated electrons can be used to reduce other molecules and therefore, a low reduction potential value confers higher reducing capabilities.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs:

NADH/H₂O

UQH₂/FADH₂

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced)

FADH₂/ NADH

NADH/ FMNH₂

Introduction:

Reduction is a process of the gain of H⁺ (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Better reducing agents out of the mentioned substances in the given pairs of compounds are discussed below:

NADH/H₂O: NADH (reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)is a better reducing agent because water molecule is considered weak as both, oxidizing as well as reducing agent, as it can reduce only a limited number of substances, whereas NADH can reduce a variety of substances. Moreover, the redox potential of NADH is lower as compared to the water molecules.

UQH₂/FADH₂: UQH₂(Ubiquinol-10-reduced) is a better reducing agent because it can easily propagate electrons from complex I. Moreover, its redox potential is significantly lower than the FADH₂ moiety.

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced): Cyt b (Cytochrome b), in its reduced form, is a better reducing agent because it can easily liberate electrons to reduce cytochrome a and has a much lower reduction potential than Cyt c.

FADH₂/NADH: NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a better reducing agent than FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) because of its lower reduction potential value and the ability to easily liberate electrons.

NADH/FMNH₂: FMNH₂ (flavin mononucleotide) is a better reducing agent than NADH ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) because of the fact that it can easily donate electrons and has a considerably lower reduction potential.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the ability to act as a reducing agent depends on the intricate reduction potential of a chemical species. In case a chemical species has a high reduction potential, it has a strong affinity for electrons, while a low reduction potential facilitates easy liberation of electrons. The liberated electrons can be used to reduce other molecules and therefore, a low reduction potential value confers higher reducing capabilities.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs:

NADH/H₂O

UQH₂/FADH₂

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced)

FADH₂/ NADH

NADH/ FMNH₂

Introduction:

Reduction is a process of the gain of H⁺ (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Better reducing agents out of the mentioned substances in the given pairs of compounds are discussed below:

NADH/H₂O: NADH (reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)is a better reducing agent because water molecule is considered weak as both, oxidizing as well as reducing agent, as it can reduce only a limited number of substances, whereas NADH can reduce a variety of substances. Moreover, the redox potential of NADH is lower as compared to the water molecules.

UQH₂/FADH₂: UQH₂(Ubiquinol-10-reduced) is a better reducing agent because it can easily propagate electrons from complex I. Moreover, its redox potential is significantly lower than the FADH₂ moiety.

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced): Cyt b (Cytochrome b), in its reduced form, is a better reducing agent because it can easily liberate electrons to reduce cytochrome a and has a much lower reduction potential than Cyt c.

FADH₂/NADH: NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a better reducing agent than FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) because of its lower reduction potential value and the ability to easily liberate electrons.

NADH/FMNH₂: FMNH₂ (flavin mononucleotide) is a better reducing agent than NADH ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) because of the fact that it can easily donate electrons and has a considerably lower reduction potential.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the ability to act as a reducing agent depends on the intricate reduction potential of a chemical species. In case a chemical species has a high reduction potential, it has a strong affinity for electrons, while a low reduction potential facilitates easy liberation of electrons. The liberated electrons can be used to reduce other molecules and therefore, a low reduction potential value confers higher reducing capabilities.

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Answer 5

Chapter 10, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs:

NADH/H₂O

UQH₂/FADH₂

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced)

FADH₂/ NADH

NADH/ FMNH₂

Introduction:

Reduction is a process of the gain of H⁺ (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Better reducing agents out of the mentioned substances in the given pairs of compounds are discussed below:

NADH/H₂O: NADH (reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)is a better reducing agent because water molecule is considered weak as both, oxidizing as well as reducing agent, as it can reduce only a limited number of substances, whereas NADH can reduce a variety of substances. Moreover, the redox potential of NADH is lower as compared to the water molecules.

UQH₂/FADH₂: UQH₂(Ubiquinol-10-reduced) is a better reducing agent because it can easily propagate electrons from complex I. Moreover, its redox potential is significantly lower than the FADH₂ moiety.

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced): Cyt b (Cytochrome b), in its reduced form, is a better reducing agent because it can easily liberate electrons to reduce cytochrome a and has a much lower reduction potential than Cyt c.

FADH₂/NADH: NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a better reducing agent than FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) because of its lower reduction potential value and the ability to easily liberate electrons.

NADH/FMNH₂: FMNH₂ (flavin mononucleotide) is a better reducing agent than NADH ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) because of the fact that it can easily donate electrons and has a considerably lower reduction potential.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the ability to act as a reducing agent depends on the intricate reduction potential of a chemical species. In case a chemical species has a high reduction potential, it has a strong affinity for electrons, while a low reduction potential facilitates easy liberation of electrons. The liberated electrons can be used to reduce other molecules and therefore, a low reduction potential value confers higher reducing capabilities.

Answer 6

Chapter 10, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs:

NADH/H₂O

UQH₂/FADH₂

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced)

FADH₂/ NADH

NADH/ FMNH₂

Introduction:

Reduction is a process of the gain of H⁺ (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Better reducing agents out of the mentioned substances in the given pairs of compounds are discussed below:

NADH/H₂O: NADH (reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)is a better reducing agent because water molecule is considered weak as both, oxidizing as well as reducing agent, as it can reduce only a limited number of substances, whereas NADH can reduce a variety of substances. Moreover, the redox potential of NADH is lower as compared to the water molecules.

UQH₂/FADH₂: UQH₂(Ubiquinol-10-reduced) is a better reducing agent because it can easily propagate electrons from complex I. Moreover, its redox potential is significantly lower than the FADH₂ moiety.

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced): Cyt b (Cytochrome b), in its reduced form, is a better reducing agent because it can easily liberate electrons to reduce cytochrome a and has a much lower reduction potential than Cyt c.

FADH₂/NADH: NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a better reducing agent than FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) because of its lower reduction potential value and the ability to easily liberate electrons.

NADH/FMNH₂: FMNH₂ (flavin mononucleotide) is a better reducing agent than NADH ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) because of the fact that it can easily donate electrons and has a considerably lower reduction potential.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the ability to act as a reducing agent depends on the intricate reduction potential of a chemical species. In case a chemical species has a high reduction potential, it has a strong affinity for electrons, while a low reduction potential facilitates easy liberation of electrons. The liberated electrons can be used to reduce other molecules and therefore, a low reduction potential value confers higher reducing capabilities.

Answer 7

Chapter 10, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The better reducing agent ineach of the given pairs:

NADH/H₂O

UQH₂/FADH₂

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced)

FADH₂/ NADH

NADH/ FMNH₂

Introduction:

Reduction is a process of the gain of H⁺ (hydrogen ions) or the loss of O (oxygen), whileoxidation is a process of the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. Oxidizing agents add an oxygen to another substance or remove a hydrogen from a substance. Reducing agent, sn the other hand, either add a hydrogen or remove an oxygen from a compound.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Better reducing agents out of the mentioned substances in the given pairs of compounds are discussed below:

NADH/H₂O: NADH (reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)is a better reducing agent because water molecule is considered weak as both, oxidizing as well as reducing agent, as it can reduce only a limited number of substances, whereas NADH can reduce a variety of substances. Moreover, the redox potential of NADH is lower as compared to the water molecules.

UQH₂/FADH₂: UQH₂(Ubiquinol-10-reduced) is a better reducing agent because it can easily propagate electrons from complex I. Moreover, its redox potential is significantly lower than the FADH₂ moiety.

Cyt c (reduced)/Cyt b (reduced): Cyt b (Cytochrome b), in its reduced form, is a better reducing agent because it can easily liberate electrons to reduce cytochrome a and has a much lower reduction potential than Cyt c.

FADH₂/NADH: NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a better reducing agent than FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) because of its lower reduction potential value and the ability to easily liberate electrons.

NADH/FMNH₂: FMNH₂ (flavin mononucleotide) is a better reducing agent than NADH ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) because of the fact that it can easily donate electrons and has a considerably lower reduction potential.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the ability to act as a reducing agent depends on the intricate reduction potential of a chemical species. In case a chemical species has a high reduction potential, it has a strong affinity for electrons, while a low reduction potential facilitates easy liberation of electrons. The liberated electrons can be used to reduce other molecules and therefore, a low reduction potential value confers higher reducing capabilities.

Answer 12

Ch. 10 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 10 - Prob. 1RQ Ch. 10 - Prob. 2RQ

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