Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The hybridization of the orbitals having unshared pair of electrons in
Concept Introduction: The hybridization is defined as mixing of atomic orbitals. The new hybrid orbitals are formed equal in the number of atomic orbitals involved in the mixing.
(b)
Interpretation: The relative abilities of
Concept Introduction: The hybridization is defined as mixing of atomic orbitals. The new hybrid orbitals are formed equal in the number of atomic orbitals involved in the mixing.
(c)
Interpretation: The given species needs to be ranked in order of the acid strength.
Concept Introduction: The species which can form stable negative charge will be most acidic because it will readily donate hydrogen atom to attain stability.
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Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function
- Identify the hybridization of each underlined atom in the following compounds and ions: (a) B_H4 (b) H2C_=C_HC_H3 (c) BCl3arrow_forwardUse MO diagrams and the bond orders you obtain fromthem to answer: (a) Is O₂⁻ stable? (b) Is O₂⁻ paramagnetic? (c) What is the outer (valence) electron configuration of O₂⁻?arrow_forward3) Which statement best describe the structure of a carbonate anion C02- ? A) The electron geometry of carbon in a carbonate anion is trigonal planar with a sp2 hybridization and bond angles are 120°. There is a n-bond formed between a non-hybridized "C" p-orbital overlapping with an "O" p-orbital. C) The electron geometry of carbon in a carbonate anion is trigonal planar with a sp2 hybridization and bond angles are 120°. There is a 7-bond formed between a non-hybridized “C" p-orbital overlapping with an “O" p-orbital.arrow_forward
- Dichloroethylene (C2H2Cl2) has three forms (isomers), eachof which is a different substance. (a) Draw Lewis structures ofthe three isomers, all of which have a carbon–carbon doublebond. (b) Which of these isomers has a zero dipole moment?(c) How many isomeric forms can chloroethylene, C2H3Cl,have? Would they be expected to have dipole moments?arrow_forwardButadiene, C4H6, is a planar molecule that has the followingcarbon–carbon bond lengths:(a) Predict the bond angles around each of the carbon atomsand sketch the molecule. (b) From left to right, whatis the hybridization of each carbon atom in butadiene?(c) The middle C¬C bond length in butadiene (1.48 Å) isa little shorter than the average C¬C single bond length(1.54 Å). Does this imply that the middle C¬C bond in butadieneis weaker or stronger than the average C¬C singlebond? (d) Based on your answer for part (c), discuss what additional aspects of bonding in butadiene might supportthe shorter middle C¬C bond.arrow_forwardWhich compound in each of the following pairs would you expect to have the greaterdipole moment μ? Why?(a) HF or HCl (d) CHCl3 or CCl3F(b) HF or BF3 (e) CH3NH2 or CH3OH(c) (CH3)3CH or (CH3)3CCl (f) CH3NH2 or CH3NO2arrow_forward
- Consider a molecule AB6, where element A has 6 valence electrons and B has 7 valence electrons. If the ΔEn for each bond = 1.2, predict the shape, bond hybridization and polarity (polar or non-polar) of the molecule. Your answer should follow the format: a) number of total electrons for bonding; b) Steric Number and Lone Pairs; c) name of shape based on the VSEPR chart, d) bond hybridization and e) molecular polarity.arrow_forwardConvert the following molecular formulas into linebond structures: (a) C3Ha (b) C3H;Br (two possibilities) (c) C3H6 (two possibilities) (d) C2H.O (two possibilities) Identify the bonds in the following molecules as covalent, polar covalent, or ionic (a) BeF2 What is the hybridization of each carbon atom in acetonitrile, CH3C=N? (b) SİH4 (с) СВraarrow_forwardConsider the molecule C4H5N, which has the connectivityshown below. (a) After the Lewis structure for the moleculeis completed, how many s and how many p bonds arethere in this molecule? (b) How many atoms in the moleculeexhibit (i) sp hybridization, (ii) sp2 hybridization, and(iii) sp3 hybridization?arrow_forward
- Which molecule in each pair has the greater dipole moment? Give the reason for your choice. (a) ClO2 or SO2 (b) HBr or HCl (c) BeCl2 or SCl2 (d) AsF3 or AsF5arrow_forwardWhich molecule in each pair has the greater dipole moment?Give the reason for your choice.(a) ClO2 or SO2 (b) HBr or HCl(c) BeCl2 or SCl2 (d) AsF3 or AsF5arrow_forwardLactic acid is a natural compound found in sour milk. Refer image (a) How many π bond occur in lactic acid? How many u bonds?(b) What is the hybridization of atoms 1, 2, and 3?(c) Which CO bond is the shortest in the molecule? Which CO bond is the strongest?(d) What are the approximate value of the bond angles A, B, and C?arrow_forward
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